浅析红山文化的玉礼器与玉礼制  

On the Jade Ritual Ware and Jade Etiquette System in Hongshan Culture

作　　者：郭明 盖丽艳 Guo Ming;Gai Liyan

机构地区：[1]辽宁省文物考古研究院(辽宁省文物保护中心) [2]朝阳市牛河梁遗址管理处

出　　处：《北方文物》2023年第4期47-55,共9页Northern Cultural Relics

基　　金：科技部国家重点研发项目中华文明探源研究“北方长城地带文明进程研究”(课题编号:2020YFC1521601);国家文物局考古中国重大项目“红山社会文明化进程研究”阶段性成果。

摘　　要：根据玉器的造型特征将红山文化中数量众多、造型各异的仿生造型玉器重新分为两组,分别代表天、地两个空间,进而将红山文化玉器分为斜口筒形玉器、玉璧、玉环(包括佩戴于手腕的镯)、分别代表天或地的仿生玉器、石斧(钺)以及玉管、玉珠、玉坠等装饰品。通过对玉器的组合规律及其与墓主身份地位关系的分析,讨论红山文化玉器中的玉礼器及其所体现的礼制原则和社会规范。结合随葬品种类与衡量墓主社会地位和影响的另一重要指标——墓葬规模的相关变化,进一步确认各类玉器与墓主身份地位的关系。分析表明,红山文化晚期逐渐形成了玉器使用的等级规范,出现反映社会等级秩序的礼器,渐趋完善的玉礼制系统成为构建红山社会的制度基础。This article reclassified the numerous,diverse and biomimetic-shaped jades in Hongshan culture into two groups according to their shape characteristics,respectively representing the two spaces of heaven and earth.And then,the jades can be divided into Oblique-mouth-cylindrical jade,jade Bi,jade rings(including bracelets worn on wrists),Jades with form of creatures in the sky or on the ground,stone axes(Yue),and ornaments such as jade tubes,beads,and pendants.By analyzing the regularities of Jades'combination and the relevance between the combination and the status of tomb's owner,this paper discussed the ritual jades in Hongshan culture,the principles of etiquette and social norms reflected through the use of the jade.Taking into account the relevant changes in the types of the burial jades and the scale of tombs,which was the important indicator to measure the social status and influence of the tomb's owner,the relationship between the jades and the status of the master was further determined.The research showed that at the late stage of Hongshan culture,the hierarchical norms had gradually developed for the usage of jade,and the jade ritual wares reflecting the social hierarchical order emerged,and the gradually improved Jade Etiquette System became the institutional foundation for constructing Hongshan society.

关 键 词：红山文化 玉礼器 玉礼制 

分 类 号：K871.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]