近30a敦煌莫高窟气温和降水变化特征  

The Variation Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation in Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang in Recent 30 Years

作　　者：张国彬[1,2] 汪万福 詹鸿涛[1,2] 武发思 张正模[1,2] 薛平 邱飞[1,2] 侯文芳 ZHANG Guobin;WANG Wanfu;ZHAN Hongtao;WU Fasi;ZHANG zhengmo;XUE Ping;QIU Fei;HOU Wenfang(Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China;National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China;Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China;MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院,甘肃敦煌736200 [2]国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心,甘肃敦煌736200 [3]中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院,甘肃兰州730000 [4]兰州大学细胞活动与逆境适应教育部重点实验室,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《高原气象》2023年第4期1069-1077,共9页Plateau Meteorology

基　　金：甘肃省重点研发计划项目(20YF8WF016);甘肃省拔尖领军人才扶持计划项目;甘肃省文物局课题(GWJ202015)。

摘　　要：敦煌莫高窟地处暖温带干旱大陆性气候区,具有温差大,降水稀少等特征。气温和降水的变化会对洞窟内壁画和彩塑的支撑体、地仗层及颜料层造成不利影响,引起文物病害发育和活动,因此研究莫高窟环境温度和降水的变化规律对壁画病害成因分析和保护对策制定尤为关键。本文利用1990-2020年莫高窟窟顶气象站记录的气温和降水资料,深入分析了在不同时间尺度上(年际、季节和月)莫高窟平均气温和降水的变化特征,探讨了区域暖干化气候特征及其对石窟文物的影响。结果表明:近30年来莫高窟气温呈现升高趋势[增长率为0.46℃·(10a)^(-1)],降水总量亦呈现增加趋势[增加率为2.21 mm·(10a)^(-1)],但降水年际间变异性大且增加量较小,区域暖干化趋势明显。春、夏、秋和冬季的气温均呈现增加趋势,增长率分别为0.73、0.44、0.32和0.26℃·(10a)^(-1),其中春季和夏季增温对于年气温升高的贡献率更大;春季和夏季降水量有增加趋势,增长率分别为1.48 mm·(10a)^(-1)和0.85 mm·(10a)^(-1),秋季降水量表现为减少趋势,其增长率为-0.29 mm·(10a)^(-1),冬季降水的变异性较小。月尺度上,降水和气温的最大值均出现在7月,最小值出现在1月。总体而言,敦煌莫高窟整体呈现暖干化的气候,亦有利于文物的保存和保护。The site of the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is situated in a climate zone that is characterized by a hightemperature difference and scarce precipitation.Variations in air temperature and precipitation may bring negative impacts to the supports,floors,and paints of the statues or murals,and thus the degradation and disease of the relics.It is therefore necessary to analyze the causes of mural deterioration and study the characteristics of temperature and precipitation variations in order to protect the murals.The measured air temperature and precipitation at the top of the grottoes over the past 30 years at different time scales(inter-annual,seasonal,and monthly)were analyzed,and the dry climate in the key protection area of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and its impact on cultural relics were also discussed.The results indicated that the average air temperature has increased significantly[0.46℃·(10a)^(-1)]and that precipitation has also increased significantly[2.21 mm·(10a)^(-1)]in the past 30 years.However,the interannual variability of precipitation was substantial,and the increase was negligible;consequently,the warming and drying trend is evident in the region.The air temperature in spring,summer,autumn,and winter all exhibited an upward trend,with respective growth rates of 0.73℃·(10a)^(-1),0.44℃·(10a)^(-1),0.32℃·(10a)^(-1),and 0.26℃·(10a)^(-1).The spring and summer temperature increases were primarily responsible for the temperature increase.Spring and summer precipitation increased(1.48 mm·(10a)^(-1) and 0.85 mm·(10a)^(-1),respectively),while autumn precipitation decreased[-0.29 mm·(10a)^(-1)]and winter precipitation was relatively stable.On the monthly scale,the highest values of air temperature and precipitation occurring in July and the lowest values occurring in January.Overall,the warm and arid climate of the Dunhuang Mogao Grottos is conducive to the preservation of cultural artifacts.

关 键 词：敦煌莫高窟 气温 降水 文物保护 

分 类 号：P339[天文地球—水文科学]