金融对决:货币改革、柏林封锁与德国分裂(1947—1949)——“斯大林与经济冷战”系列研究之二  

Financial Clash:Monetary Reform,Berlin Blockade,and the Division of Germany,1947-1949-Studies of"Stalin and the Economic Cold War"(Ⅱ)

作　　者：沈志华[1] Shen Zhihua(Department of History,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系,上海200241

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2023年第4期97-127,共31页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：德国战败后经济形势恶化,通货膨胀因苏联大量印发军用马克而加剧。美国提出在德国进行货币改革的建议,苏联担心影响其获取战争赔偿而采取了拖延政策。1947年初美英占领区合并,特别是年中马歇尔计划提出和年底盟国统一赔偿政策失败后,美英法决心单独进行货币改革,苏联则强调改革必须统一进行,继续拖延。六国伦敦会议后西方和苏联准备在各自占领区单独进行货币改革,苏联对柏林采取了交通限制措施,双方因柏林货币问题发生争执。1948年6月西占区开始货币改革,苏联宣布在东占区进行货币改革,同时对大柏林实行全面封锁,柏林危机爆发。美英法经过激烈的内部讨论后,决定一方面通过空运保障西柏林的物资供应,一方面与苏联进行外交交涉以促成解除封锁。苏联提出以美英法放弃建立西德政府和在柏林统一使用苏制D马克作为解除封锁的前提条件,西方则因空运效果日益明显而拒绝做出任何让步,甚至宣布西方的B马克为西柏林的唯一货币。经历了11个月的对抗,苏联终因无法承受巨大的政治和经济压力,于1949年5月宣布无条件解除封锁,危机结束。西方虽答应召开外长会议解决德国问题,但建立西德政府的步伐没有丝毫停顿。巴黎外长会议无果而终,两个德国相继宣告成立。柏林危机全过程表明,美苏冷战首先表现为经济冷战和金融对决;双方经济和军事实力的巨大差距决定了冷战对抗的结果;德国分裂前被视为两大阵营对垒的“中间地带”,分裂后则成为美苏在欧洲对抗的“前沿阵地”。Defeated in World War I,Germany suffered severe economic decline in the postwar years.Inflation especially became intensified due to the massive issuance by the Soviet Union of"military Mark."The United States proposed to carry out a monetary reform in Germany.The Soviet Union procrastinated for fearing that such a reform would interfere with the Soviet receiving of war reparations from Germany.In early 1947 the Americans and the British combined their occupation zones,in the mid-year the Marshall Plan was launched,and in the end of the year the Allies failed to achieve a uniform policy for German reparations.These developments moved the United States,British,and French governments to implement monetary reform without Soviet participation,whereas the Soviets continued to defer by stressing that such a reform must be a unified undertaking by all Allies.After the six-state conference in London,the West and the Soviet Union parted their ways and decided to carry out monetary reforms in their respective occupation zones.Consequently,the Soviet authorities restrained Berlin's traffic,and the two sides began to quarrel over the currencies of Berlin.In June 1948,monetary reform began in the western zone of Berlin.While proclaiming monetary reform in the eastern zone,the Soviets also enforced a comprehensive blockade of the larger Berlin area.The Berlin Crisis began.After a heated debate among themselves,the United States,British,and French government adopted a two-pronged approach.On the one hand,airlfting would be used to maintain supplies to Western Berlin,and on the other diplomatic negotiations with the Soviet Union would be carried out for ending the Berlin blockade.As conditions to end the blockade,the Soviets demanded that the Western Allies abandon their plan for setting up a Western German government,and that the D Mark issued by the Soviets be used in entire Berlin.Seeing that the airlifting was working increasingly effectively,the Western Allies did not budge and even made the B Mark of the Western issuance a

关 键 词：柏林危机 货币改革 封锁柏林 德国分裂 经济冷战 

分 类 号：F821.9[经济管理—财政学] F831.9