元杂剧曲唱对宋金杂剧“主张”的扬弃——兼论戏曲的“念白叙事+曲唱抒情”模式  

The Substitution of Singing in Yuan Zaju for“Zhuzhang”in Song⁃Jin Zaju:Regarding the Mode of“Narrative Recitation+Lyrical Singing”in Xiqu

作　　者：张长彬 ZHANG Changbin

机构地区：[1]商丘师范学院人文学院

出　　处：《戏剧艺术》2023年第3期26-38,共13页Theatre Arts

摘　　要：宋金杂剧“末泥色主张”中的“主张”伎艺,其表现方式为歌唱,其主要功能为抒情。它起源于宋代的歌舞剧“调笑转踏”,在宋金杂剧中定型,今存元杂剧剧本中亦有少量宋金杂剧“主张”的近似形态,由此可知“主张”是指以“曲唱抒情”的方式对“念白叙事”进行渲染与烘托。元杂剧曲唱是对宋金杂剧“主张”的扬弃,其“扬”有二端,一是发扬了其抒情的传统功能,二是保留了“一人主唱”的分工体制;其“弃”亦有二端,一是改联章体、大曲体为套曲体,二是改“对称化”的先叙事后抒情模式为“非对称化”的复杂多元结合模式。歌舞剧所创建的“念白叙事+曲唱抒情”模式经由宋金杂剧的完善和元杂剧的滋养而深入人心,是中国戏曲最鲜明的美学形式。“Zhuzhang”,coming from“Zhuzhang of Moni”in Zaju of the Song and Jin dynasties,is a kind of singing for expressing emotions.It originated from“Tiaoxiao zhuanta”,a kind of song and dance play in the Song Dynasty and was finalized in Song⁃Jin Zaju.There are also a few similar forms of“Zhuzhang”in the existing scripts of Zaju of the Yuan Dynasty.Therefore,it shows that“Zhuzhang”refers to enhancing“narrative recitation”via“lyrical singing”.The singing of Yuan Zaju both developed and discarded parts of“Zhuzhang”in Song⁃Jin Zaju.On one hand,it inherited the lyrical feature of“Zhuzhang”and retained its labour division system of“one lead singer”.On the other hand,it substituted the music system of joint units and along composition for a set of musical compositions,and changed the symmetric mode of“singing after narration”into a complicated asymmetric mode of multiple units.Developed in Song⁃Jin Zaju and nurtured in Yuan Zaju,the mode of“narrative recitation+lyrical singing”originating from the song and dance play has been deeply rooted in people's heart and become the most distinctive aesthetic feature of Chinese Xiqu.

关 键 词：宋金杂剧 主张 元杂剧 一人主唱 

分 类 号：J80[艺术—戏剧戏曲]