水环境中药物与个人护理品(PPCPs)的环境水平及降解行为研究进展  

Environmental Levels and Degradation Behavior of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products(PPCPs)in the Water Environment

作　　者：张照荷 陈典 赵微 袁国礼[2] 李俊[2] 焦杏春[1] ZHANG Zhaohe;CHEN Dian;ZHAO Wei;YUAN Guoli;LI Jun;JIAO Xingchun(National Research Center for Geoanalysis,Beijing 100037,China;School of Earth Sciences and Resources,China University of Geoscience(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China;The No.2 Reconnaissance Yard of Yunnan Engineering Geology,Kunming 650218,China;Beijing Hydrogeological Engineering Geological Brigade(Beijing Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring Centre),Beijing 100195,China)

机构地区：[1]国家地质实验测试中心,北京100037 [2]中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京100083 [3]云南地质工程第二勘察院有限公司,云南昆明650218 [4]北京市水文地质工程地质大队(北京市地质环境监测总站),北京100195

出　　处：《岩矿测试》2023年第4期649-666,共18页Rock and Mineral Analysis

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41771515);中国地质科学院基本科研业务费项目(CSJ-2021-08);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(20211414)。

摘　　要：药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)是一种存在于各种介质中的新污染物,具有生物富集、致癌致畸性,近年来在水环境中被广泛检出,其种类和浓度也有逐渐增多和加重的趋势,加之与人类生活密切相关,可以通过家庭垃圾、医院废水、垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂等方式直接污染地表水,并进一步污染孔隙水、地下水等,致使生态环境和人体健康存在风险。因此,广泛了解PPCPs在各种环境介质中的浓度水平对于防范生态健康风险具有重要意义。近年来,对PPCPs浓度的调查研究取得了较大进展,自1976年美国堪萨斯城首次报道药物以来,各国陆续报道了不同介质中PPCPs的存在,弥补了各研究区污染物及浓度的空白,有利于开展综合治理工作。PPCPs在水环境中常见的降解方式有水解、光解及生物降解,同时在降解过程还会受到pH、温度、共存离子等影响,而且在各种降解过程中生成的产物也有所不同。污水处理厂因为去除工艺的限制,使得地表水中许多PPCPs虽然经过了废水的生物降解环境,但是光降解仍然可能比暴露在阳光下的生物降解更强。其中,抗生素在水环境中主要发生光降解;布洛芬、碘普罗胺、咖啡因等更易发生生物降解;而自然界中PPCPs发生水解的概率较低,酯类和酰胺类是其中最常见的易水解的官能团,除此之外,四环素类等因为吸附到沉积物中,也会发生水解反应。目前,对于PPCPs浓度水平的研究很多集中在单一水体,而海水、雨水等介质缺乏监测和分析,同时对于降解行为的研究大都没有关注到降解过程和降解产物,使得一些降解产物的高毒性被低估。因此,全面了解各种水环境介质中PPCPs浓度可以较为准确、系统地获知各地区PPCPs的污染情况,对于PPCPs治理与削减工作具有重要的现实意义;而探究PPCPs在水环境中的降解行为,有利于了解其在环境中的残留和代谢情况,厘清中间Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a class of chemicals used by humans for daily life.PPCPs are closely related to people’s production and life,and are even used every day worldwide.PPCP-like compounds were first detected in treated wastewater in Kansas City,USA in 1976(concentrations of 0.8-2μg/L[6]),and subsequently detected in various countries.The mass production and use of PPCPs have led to increasing concentrations in the environment.PPCPs can induce microorganisms to produce resistance genes because of their persistence and bioaccumulation,thus changing the structure and community of microorganisms in the ecosystem.At the same time,they are accumulated at the top of the food chain or food web[17-21],destroying the balance of the ecosystem.In addition,PPCPs also have chronic toxicity,teratogenicity and carcinogenicity.For example,sulfonamides will damage tissues and organs and cause drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria[9].Synthetic musk interferes with the secretion of hormones and can also lead to asthma,allergies,migraines and other diseases[20].Long-term use will lead to liver and kidney damage and induce cancer[21],causing irreversible damage to human health.PPCPs are mainly accumulated in the environment through hospitals,landfills,farms,factory wastewater and domestic sewage,and enter the water environment through various pathways.After the production of PPCPs,some are used by humans,some are directly generated in the production of waste,and some are used by animals in livestock farms.The solid or liquid waste generated in the above three ways will enter the sewage treatment plant or landfill.Then through sewage,landfill leachate directly into the surface water,through further infiltration into the sediment,pore water,groundwater,ocean and other environments,in addition to the surface water through evaporation and precipitation can also return to the water environment.The above environmental behaviors will cause harm to the ecological environment,ecosystem,and humans.PPCPs exist

关 键 词：水环境 药物和个人护理品(PPCPs) 浓度水平 降解行为 影响因素 

分 类 号：X52[环境科学与工程—环境工程]