雍正九年西洋新马兰国番民救助事件研究  

Studies on the Event of Aiding Western Refugees from the Xinmalan“Country”in 1731

作　　者：于桐 Yu Tong

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院

出　　处：《海交史研究》2023年第2期53-62,共10页Journal of Maritime History Studies

摘　　要：雍正九年十二月,向克济为首的琉球使团到达福州,跟随琉球国贡船到来的有新马兰国四名难番。福建方面在核验这四名难番的身份之后,派人将他们送到了广东澳门地区,让他们搭船回国。在救助这四名难番的过程中,福建巡抚赵国麟先后两次向礼部尚书三泰以题本报告,礼部在收到汉文题本后,对译成满文,将汉满文合璧文书呈递给了雍正皇帝。这两件满汉文合璧的文书在已出版的两套琉球档案都有收录。我们要提出并试图回答的问题是,新马兰国是指哪里?福建方面为何要将新马兰番民送去“粤省香山澳地”?在研读两件汉满文合璧公文书后,笔者对此次海难救助事件开始有了一些认知。笔者认为,新马兰就是印度尼西亚爪哇的海港城市三宝垄(Semarang)。结合前人研究,笔者认为雍正九年(1731)新马兰难番为三宝垄地的荷兰商人的可能性更大,他们在琉球海域遭遇海难而被救助,进而搭乘琉球贡船来到福州。福建官员则将他们护送至澳门地区。琉球和清朝接力救助新马兰难番的史料证明,欧洲人开始出现在东亚海域的朝贡关系的网络中。这些档案为我们更深入全面了解18世纪东亚和东南亚海域的人群面貌和难民救助关系提供了珍贵史料。In December of the 9^(th)year of Yongzheng Period(1731),the Ryukyu mission headed by Xiang Keji arrived in Fuzhou,together with four refugees from Xinmalan.After verifying their identity,the Fujianese sent them to Macao,Guangdong,to take a boat back to their country.In the process of providing aid to the four refugees,the Fujian governor Zhao Guolin reported twice to Libu Shangshu San Tai(Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonies),who,after receiving the Chinese reports,translated them into Manchu,and presented a dual-language document to the Yongzheng Emperor.These two documents written in both Manchu and Chinese are included in the two published sets of Ryukyu archives.The question we want to ask and try to answer is,where does the Xinmalan country refer to?Why did the Fujian authorities send the Xinmalan people to Macao region?The two official documents reveal some basic information about the shipwreck rescue action.For example,it is believed that Xinmalan was the port city of Semarang in Java.Referring to the previous research,the author believes that it is more likely that these so-called“Xinmalan people”were Dutch merchants in Semarang,who were rescued from a shipwreck in Ryukyu waters and came to Fuzhou on a Ryukyu tribute ship in the 9th year of Yongzheng(1731).Fujian officials then escorted them to Macao region.The cooperation of Ryukyu and Qing dynasty to rescue the Xinmalan refugees shows that Europeans had begun to emerge in the tribute network of East Asia at that time.These archives also provide us with valuable historical information for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the demographics and refugee relief in the East and Southeast Asian seas in the 18th century.

关 键 词：中琉关系 新马兰番民 三宝垄 

分 类 号：K249.2[历史地理—历史学]