论对话交际中的互动平衡原则——以“谢谢”的言语行为功能演化为例  

On the Principle of Interactive Balance in Dialogue Communication:Take the illocutionary functional evolution of“xiexie(谢谢)”as an example

作　　者：李宇凤[1] LI Yufeng

机构地区：[1]四川大学文学与新闻学院/四川大学国家语言文字推广基地,610207

出　　处：《汉语学报》2023年第3期63-74,共12页Chinese Linguistics

基　　金：四川大学文学与新闻学院2022年度自设项目“中华文化传承与全球传播数字融合实验室专项”资助。

摘　　要：礼貌用语“谢谢”类表达从致歉/婉拒发展为致谢、终结话轮,甚至抵触性的言语行为回应,体现出人们对话交际中普遍遵循的互动平衡原则。交际者将言语表达作为一种社会互动行为,与物质世界的现实行为同等看待。言语行为具备建构现实世界的价值,正如言语本质上具备人际关系功能。我们用言语施予某种恩惠或补偿某种损失,与现实世界的物质交换相当并相互作用,取得的是现实意义上的互动平衡。我们用物质感谢或言语“谢谢”承认对方的付出或自己的亏欠,补偿对方的损失,也用“谢谢”对抗对方的实际/心理伤害,补偿自己的损失。“言语(表达)—物质(现实)”在对话交际中相互作用,适应不同语境条件取得动态平衡,即“互动平衡原则”。“谢谢”根据其所处的互动环境条件(对话的当面性、平衡对象的特点、损益的性质/大小等)的差异,采用不同的表达形式平衡不同的“言语—物质”互动,实现为不同的言语行为功能。Xierie,as an expression showing politeness,has developed from making apology/rejection to showing thanks,closing the turn,and even resisting verbal response,reflecting the principle of interactive balance generally followed by people in dialogues and communication.Communicators consider verbal expression as an act of social interaction,equating it with the actual behavior of the material world.Speech acts have the value of constructing the real world,just as speech essentially has an interpersonal function.People offer others some kind of favor or compensation for some kind of loss with words,which is equivalent to and interacts with the material exchange of the real world,and achieves an interactive balance of real meaning.People acknowledge the other party's efforts or their own debts,and compensate for the other party's losses by giving something or saying zierie to the other party.People also use xiexie to confront the other party's actual/psychological harm and compensate for our own losses."Speech(expression)-matter(reality)"interacts in dialogues and communication,adapting to different contexts to achieve dynamic balance,that is,the"principle of interactive balance".Xieaie can be in different forms of expression to balance different"speechmatter"interactions according to the differences in the interactive environment conditions(the directness of the dialogue,the characteristics of the balanced objects,the nature/size of the profit and loss,etc.),realizing different illocutionary functions.

关 键 词：对话 互动平衡原则 “谢谢” 言语行为功能 演化发展 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]