可及性视角下我国普惠托育服务的供需匹配及路径优化  

Supply and Demand Matching and Path Optimization of the Universal Childcare Service in China from the Perspective of Accessibility

作　　者：朱晓 刘越[1,2] ZHU Xiao;LIU Yue(Population Research Institute,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210042,China;Jiangsu High-Quality Development Comprehensive Evaluation Research Base,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210042,China)

机构地区：[1]南京邮电大学人口研究院,江苏南京210042 [2]江苏高质量发展综合评估研究基地,江苏南京210042

出　　处：《人口与社会》2023年第4期62-75,共14页Population and Society

基　　金：江苏省教育厅人文社会科学研究基金项目“江苏省新生代流动人口的城镇融入路径及对策研究”(2018SJA0087);国家社科基金面上项目“积极老龄化视角下低龄老年人时间利用与福祉提升研究”(22BRK014)。

摘　　要：“十四五”是我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的第一个五年,也是婴幼儿照护服务需求持续释放,积极完善婴幼儿照护服务事业的关键期。通过引入可及性视角进行分析,得出目前我国普惠托育服务在供需匹配上面临五大困境,分别为供给与需求失衡,托育服务“欠供”;供给分布不均衡,托育服务“难达”;收费高于预期,托育服务“价高”;缺乏整合型信息平台,服务信息“受阻”;托育人才队伍薄弱,服务质量“欠佳”。此外,普惠托育服务体系建设中还存在标准规范不完善、配套支持不足、监管缺乏力度的短板。因此,可以基于可及性的五个维度来进一步优化托育服务的供需匹配,分别为:以托幼一体及民办公助为发展导向来提升服务可用性;形成“政府-社会-家庭”三方的成本分摊机制来加强家庭可负担性;以社区为载体形成“十五分钟”托育服务圈来提高服务可达性;推进育儿的互联网化、数字化和智能化来提升服务的可接受性;通过激励保障和监督约束双管齐下来增强可适应性。The“14th Five-Year Plan”is the first five years for China to embark on a new journey of comprehensive construction of a socialist modernized country and strive towards the second centenary goal.It is also a critical period for the continuous release of demand for childcare services and the active improvement of the public childcare service.Through the analysis from the perspective of the accessibility,five major challenges in the matching of supply and demand for the universal childcare services in China have been identified,including the imbalanced supply and demand,“undersupply”of childcare services;uneven distribution of supply makes childcare services inaccessible;higher-than-expected fees,high cost of childcare services;lack of integrated information platform and hindered access to service information;and weak talent pool of caregivers,resulting in inadequate service quality.Additionally,there are shortcomings in the construction of the universal childcare services,including incomplete standards and regulations,insufficient supporting measures,and inadequate regulatory oversight.Therefore,the supply-demand matching of childcare services can be further optimized from five dimensions of the accessibility,including improving availability through the development orientation of integrating childcare and education and supporting private non-profit institutions;strengthen family burden by establishing a cost-sharing mechanism among government,society,and families;enhancing accessibility by establishing a“15-minute”community-based care service network;increasing acceptability by promoting digitization,Internet,and intelligence of parenting services;and enhancing adaptability through incentive guarantee and regulatory constraints.

关 键 词：普惠托育服务 服务可及性 育儿负担 生育支持 

分 类 号：C916[经济管理] C923[社会学]