国家公园体制及其社区治理体系的优化——基于三江源国家公园的经验  

Optimization of National Park System and Its Community Governance System:Based on the Experience of Three-River-Source National Park

作　　者：陆益龙[1] 山永久 LU Yilong;SHAN Yongjiu(Sociological Theory and Method Research Center,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学社会学理论与方法研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《河海大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期67-76,共10页Journal of Hohai University：Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究专项(党的二十大精神研究);2022年度中国人民大学学科学研究基金项目(研究生)(22XNH153)。

摘　　要：建立国家公园体制,完善自然保护区治理体系是新时代生态文明建设的重要构成。国家公园的设立、建设及运行与公园社区生产生活有着密切关系,公园社区经济的发展,离不开国家公园内的资源,公园的运行、管理和保护工作又与社区活动分不开。三江源国家公园的设立和运行有效统筹了自然生态保护和资源开发利用,新体制也面临保护与发展、人兽冲突和地方保护主义阻力等诸多张力问题。如果不能科学合理地协调好这些关系,不仅会影响国家公园的生态环境保护成效,也会制约公园社区发展,甚至导致和积淀更多社会矛盾。为有效应对这些问题,协调保护区和社区的关系,提升国家公园体制的综合效能,需走中国式生态现代化道路,从国家公园运营、公共管理、共治机制、基础设施和保障保险5个方面不断优化公园社区治理体系,促进保护区和社区可持续发展。综合而言,要优化国家公园体制及其社区治理体系,需从顶层设计和基层制度实践两个路径进行优化:一方面可从顶层制度设计上构建起“生态现代化”的均衡模式,另一方面可从基层制度实践中提炼出“补贴补偿+保障保险”的均衡模式。Establishing a national park system and improving the governance system of nature reserves are important components of the construction of ecological civilization in the new era.The establishment,construction and operation of national parks are closely related to the production and life of park communities.The economic development of park communities is inseparable from the resources in national parks,and the operation,management and protection of parks are inseparable from community activities.The establishment and operation of the Three-River-Source National Parkhave effectively coordinated the protection of natural ecology and the development and utilization of resources.The new system also faces the challenges of protection and development,human-animal conflicts,and resistance from local protectionism.If these relations cannot be coordinated scientifically and rationally,it will not only affect the effectiveness of the ecological environment protection of the national park,but also restrict the development of the park community,and even cause and accumulate more social conflicts.In order to effectively deal with these problems,coordinate the relationship between protected areas and communities,and improve the comprehensiveness of the national park system,it is necessary to take the road of Chinese-style ecological modernization,continuously optimize the park community governance system from five aspects including national park operation,public management,co-governance mechanism,infrastructure and security insurance,and promote the sustainable development of protected areas and communities.Comprehensively,to optimize the national park system and its community governance system,it is necessary to proceed from two paths:top-level design and grass-roots institutional practice.On the one hand,a balanced model of“ecological modernization”can be constructed from the top-level institutional design,and on the other hand,a balanced model of“subsidy compensation+guarantee insurance”can be extracted from the prac

关 键 词：国家公园 三江源自然保护区 公园社区 治理体系 

分 类 号：X36[环境科学与工程—环境工程]