社会角色理论视阈下过失犯注意义务的合理边界  

The Reasonable Limit of the Duty of Care in Criminal Negligence from the Perspective of the Social-Role-Theory

作　　者：金炜凯 Jin Wei-kai

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心 [2]德国维尔茨堡大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2023年第3期81-95,共15页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

摘　　要：如何合理划定过失犯注意义务的边界,避免对公民行动自由附加过重的负担,这一问题在我国司法实践中具有现实意义,但是既有学说中的“不被容许的风险”构想以及“能力维持规范”论,面对上述要求依然无能为力。为了防止判断注意义务违反与否的标准纯粹沦为事后的利益衡量,强化相应概念及其内涵的规范性,应当引入社会角色标准。一方面罪责原理重视行为人的规范可交谈性,对公民法忠诚的要求亦要建立在规范认同的基础之上;另一方面通过社会角色来划定注意义务边界的做法是社会分工背景下的现实需求。相较于故意犯,社会角色说更适合作为过失归责的判断标准。在具体适用这一标准的过程中,要以角色合乎法秩序作为前提,对相应角色加以客观化,且判断方法不必拘泥于具体的填充性规范。当涉及被害人自陷风险的情形时,应比照特别法优于一般法的原则,优先考虑运用自我答责原理。It remains to be significant in judicial practice in terms of how to reasonably define the limit of the duty of care in case of overloaded burden on citizens.However,neither the so-called forbidden-risk-conception,nor the theory of ability-maintenance-norm manages to undertake the corresponding task.To keep the criteria of the duty of care from reducing to the ex-post-trade-off between diverse interests,and to enhance the normativeness of the concept with its content,a standard of social role ought to be introduced.On the one hand,the principle of guilt concentrates on the normative communicativeness of the accused person,and the demand of legal loyalty for citizens is established on the basis of norm identification.On the other hand,the realistic requirement of social-role-standard originates from the background of labour division.The social-role-theory matches the imputation of negligence rather than that of intention.When this criterion is applied,it should meet the requirement of legal order and objectify the corresponding roles.In addition,the methods of judgment need not be submitted to filling specifications.The principle of self-responsibility is superior to the social-role-criterion if the assumption of risk is the case.

关 键 词：注意义务 过失归责 行为指引功能 规范性期待 社会角色标准 

分 类 号：D924[政治法律—刑法学]