美国可再生燃料标准(RFS)的实施与监管  

Implementation and Market Regulation of U.S.Renewable Fuel Standard

作　　者：刘骊光[1] Liu Liguang(School of Government,Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学政府管理学院,北京100081

出　　处：《中外能源》2023年第6期16-23,共8页Sino-Global Energy

摘　　要：可再生燃料标准(RFS)项目是美国联邦政府为提高生物燃料利用量、减少温室气体排放而推出的政策安排,要求相关责任方在2022年前不断增加可再生燃料在交通运输领域的用量,完成法定的年度可再生燃料配比责任量。美国环保署负责项目的具体执行,按照原料、工艺流程、温室气体减排效果等将可再生燃料划分类别,依据法定目标、燃料供应和其他条件为炼油商和进口商设定年度可再生燃料配比责任量,在必要时有权对责任方行使豁免权并适度调整合规目标,同时对可再生燃料配额交易市场进行监管。可再生燃料身份码(RINs)对应于美国生产或进口的每加仑可再生燃料,跟踪可再生燃料的使用情况并监测履约表现。RINs能在市场自由交易,责任方可选择购买RINs完成合规目标。从实施结果上看,传统淀粉乙醇燃料及生物质柴油的使用量达到法定目标,而纤维素生物燃料与先进生物燃料未达到预期目标,环保署不得不连续调整标准。未来环保署仍将拥有年度可再生燃料责任量的制定与调整权并负责市场监管,同时也面临着替代燃料技术水平、地区经济现状、政策调整、公平性等多种不确定因素的挑战。Renewable Fuel Standard(RFS)is a policy issued by the U.S.government to promote the use of biofuel and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions,requiring the obligated parties to continuously increase the use of renewable fuel in the transportation sector by 2022 and meet the statutory annual Renewable Volume Obligation(RVO).The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)is responsible for the implementation of the RFS Program.The EPA categorizes the renewable fuels according to raw material,process flow and greenhouse gas emission reduction effect,and sets the annual RVO for refiners and importers based on statutory targets,fuel supplies and other conditions.The EPA has the authority to exempt the obligated parties from the RVO and moderately adjust the targets if necessary,as well as regulate the renewable quota trading market.Renew able Identification Numbers(RINs),as credits of the RVO for individual refiners or importers,are used to track renewable fuel usage and monitor market compliance performance.RINs are tradable credits and the obligated parties can purchase them to meet their annual RVO.Regarding the RFS implementation results,the annual conventional starch-based ethanol fuel and biodiesel targets set by the Congress are met,whereas the cellulosic biofuel and advanced biofuel targets are not met.The EPA has to continuously adjust the standards.In the future,the EPA will still have statutory authority to determine and adjust the annual RVO and oversee the market performance,however,it confronts the challenges of various uncertainties such as alternative fuel technologies,regional economic conditions,policy changes and fairness.

关 键 词：可再生燃料标准 责任方 可再生燃料身份码 履约表现 先进生物燃料 市场监管 

分 类 号：TK16[动力工程及工程热物理—热能工程] F416.2[经济管理—产业经济] F203