“用人单位职业病危害综合风险评估方法”在木质家具企业职业卫生分类管理中的应用  

Application of a comprehensive risk assessment method for occupational disease hazards of employers in occupational health classification management of wooden furniture manufacturing factories

作　　者：王爱红[1] 冷朋波[1] 李晓海[1] 高超 毛国传[1] 张丹丹[1] WANG Aihong;LENG Pengbo;LI Xiaohai;GAO Chao;MAO Guochuan;ZHANG Dandan(Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals/Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Ningbo,Zhejiang 315010,China;Ningbo Municipal Health Supervision Institute,Ningbo,Zhejiang 315010,China)

机构地区：[1]宁波市疾病预防控制中心,环境与职业卫生所/浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室,浙江宁波315010 [2]宁波市卫生监督所,浙江宁波315010

出　　处：《环境与职业医学》2023年第6期634-640,647,共8页Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine

基　　金：宁波市科技局自然基金项目(2017A610272);浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2020KY901);宁波市医学重点学科建设项目(2022-B18)。

摘　　要：[背景]职业卫生分类监管模式中科学性和可操作性的矛盾一直存在,“用人单位职业病危害综合风险评估方法”基于风险分级开展职业卫生分类管理,是探索分类监督执法的一次新尝试。[目的]应用“用人单位职业病危害综合风险评估方法”对木质家具企业开展综合风险评估,探讨其优缺点,为职业卫生分类管理方法的改进提出依据。[方法]在宁波市木质家具企业分布较多的区(县)选择7家典型的企业作为调查对象,通过职业卫生调查和检测获得各用人单位职业病危害风险等级,依据《用人单位职业卫生管理自查表》逐条检查用人单位职业卫生管理状况,并根据得分评定职业卫生管理状况等级,根据职业病危害风险等级(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)和管理状况等级(A、B、C)的矩阵得到综合风险类别(甲、乙、丙),以用人单位近3年职业健康监护发现的体检异常情况进行风险验证。[结果]7家用人单位均存在职业卫生管理缺陷,其中6家出现关键不符合项,职业卫生管理状况等级为C级(差),剩余1家为B级(良)。6家用人单位出现了不同程度的职业病危害因素浓(强)度不合格,岗位超标率分别为:噪声26.09%(12/46)、木粉尘(硬)14.71%(5/34)、二甲苯12.50%(1/8);5家用人单位职业病危害风险等级为Ⅱ级(中),2家为Ⅲ级(高)。职业病危害综合风险评估结果显示7家均为丙类(高风险)。职业健康监护结果显示,7家用人单位共组织636人次在岗体检,共有37人次出现体检异常,分布在5家用人单位,其中3人次为接触粉尘,34人次为接触噪声。[结论]“用人单位职业病危害综合风险评估方法”尚未能有效区分木质家具生产企业的职业病综合风险类别。将该评估方法推广应用于职业卫生分类管理前仍需扩大试点加以改进,并配套出台良好的监管机制确保数据的真实性。[Background]The contradiction between science and operability has always existed in the model of classified occupational health supervision and management.Comprehensive risk assessment method for occupational disease hazards of employers provides risk grading and classification for occupational health management,and it's a new attempt to explore classification supervision and law enforcement.[Objective]To apply a comprehensive risk assessment method for occupational disease hazards of employers to estimate health risk level of wood furniture enterprises,discuss its advantages and disadvantages,and provide a basis for improving the classified management of occupational health.[Methods]Seven typical factories were selected in counties with highly concentrated wooden furniture manufacturing.Occupational health field investigation and testing were carried out to estimate occupational disease hazard risk level(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,andⅢ).A self-rated checklist was applied to score occupational health management status by interviewing employers,one by one,and to determine occupational health management status grade(A,B,and C)by the score.Thus,a comprehensive risk level(Class A,Class B,and Class C)of a specific factory was obtained from a matrix of occupational disease hazard risk level and management status grade.Risk verification was carried out based on any abnormality reported by regular occupational physical examination in past 3 years.[Results]Defects in occupational health management were identified in all 7 factories,among which 6 were grade C with key nonconformities(poor),and 1 was grade B(medium).Disqualified occupational disease hazards were found in 6 of 7 factories,and the workstationspecific disqualified rates were 26.09%(12/46)for noise,14.71%(5/34)for wood dust(hard),and 12.50%(1/8)for xylene.LevelⅡ(medium)of occupational disease hazard risk was estimated in 5 of 7 factories,while levelⅢ(high)in 2 factories.All 7 factories were class C(high risk)accessed by the comprehensive risk assessment method for occupatio

关 键 词：木质家具制造 综合风险评估 职业卫生 分类管理 

分 类 号：R13[医药卫生—劳动卫生]