圆明园舍卫城城墙夯土工艺的科学分析  

Scientific Analysis of Rammed Earth Process of Sravasti Wall in the Old Summer Palace

作　　者：邹非池 周华[2] 张中华 周双林[4] ZOU Fei-chi;ZHOU Hua;ZHANG Zhong-hua;ZHOU Shuang-lin(The Palace Museum,Beijing 100009,China;Beijing Union University College of Applied Arts and Science,Beijing 100191,China;Beijing Academy of Archaeology,Beijing 100009,China;School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院,北京100009 [2]北京联合大学应用文理学院,北京100191 [3]北京市考古研究院,北京100009 [4]北京大学考古文博学院,北京100871

出　　处：《科学技术与工程》2023年第24期10454-10458,共5页Science Technology and Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41602329);北京市自然科学基金面上项目(8222017);北京市属高校高水平教师队伍建设支持计划青年拔尖人才培育计划(20JCC046)。

摘　　要：为了探究圆明园舍卫城城墙夯土工艺,采用X射线衍射(diffraction of X-rays,XRD)分析、激光粒度分析及密度与孔隙率分析等手段,对圆明园舍卫城城墙的夯土进行理化检测和工艺性能研究。结果表明:舍卫城城墙主要由石灰和土组成,且没有人为添加细砂,灰土比最接近二八灰土,与《工程做法则例》中的十六把小夯灰土相吻合。同时,通过多种科学数据对比,可进一步推测在夯筑灰土过程中,下层夯土使用了更多的灰土量。多层次的夯土制作工艺,展示了清代宫廷工匠对夯土技术的工艺认识和制作方法。相关结果为研究圆明园的建筑特点,夯土城墙的文物保护和科学修复等内容,提供了重要科学支持和有益借鉴。In order to explore the rammed earth wall process of Sravasti of the Old Summer Palace,the physical and chemical testing and technological performance study of the rammed earth of the Sravasti wall of the Old Summer Palace were conducted using methods such as diffraction of X-rays(XRD) analysis,laser particle size analysis,and density and porosity analysis.The results show that the Sravasti loam wall is mainly composed of lime and soil,and there is no artificial sand added.The ratio of lime to soil is the closest to the two-eight,which is consistent with the sixteen small ash soils in the Engineering Practices.At the same time,through a variety of scientific data comparison,it can be further speculated that,during construction,the lower layer of rammed earth uses more amount of materials which are lime and soil.The multi-layer rammed earth manufacture demonstrates the craftsmanship and production methods in the Qing Dynasty on the rammed earth technology.For this unique site and special craft of lime and soil,the methods that combine literature and scientific data are used to restore its traditional processes.And the relevant results for the study can provide important scientific support and useful lessons for the protection and scientific restoration of the rammed earth walls.

关 键 词：圆明园 舍卫城 夯土城墙 夯土工艺 

分 类 号：TU375.4[建筑科学—结构工程]