明代嘉隆时期盐法改革探析——兼论余盐开中与开中折银  

The Reformation of Salt Law during the Period of Emperor Jiajing and Longqing’s Reign of the Ming Dynasty:Concurrently on the Kai-Zhong of Remaining Salt and the Payment of Kai-Zhong in Silver

作　　者：乔宇 QIAO Yu

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系

出　　处：《盐业史研究》2023年第3期33-42,共10页Salt Industry History Research

摘　　要：明嘉靖、隆庆时期,为控制余盐、供应军需以及保障国家盐业收入的增长,明廷采取了余盐折银、余盐设引及兴复开中法等措施。为应对北方蒙古部的频繁侵扰,明廷还采取余盐开中、设立工本盐等临时举措。嘉隆之际,工本盐制度废止。隆庆时,明廷着力解决因推行工本盐制度而带来的盐引壅滞问题。兴复开中法实行于嘉靖初年,起初明廷只准收实物,后考虑到白银货币化之因素,允许折银与实物共同征收。隆庆后期,全球主要银产地之白银合流进入中国,开中折银逐渐代替实物。因边商利润日益少于内商,开中法又逐渐衰落,内地商人纳余盐银进一步成为了明廷获得盐业收入的重要来源。During the period of emperor Jiajing and Longqing’s reign of the Ming dynasty(1522—1572),in order to control the remaining salt,supply the military and ensure the income of salt industry,the Ming government took measures such as converting the value of remaining salt into silver,setting up remaining salt yin(salt transportation and marketing license)and restoring the Kai-Zhong system.In response to frequent incursions by the Mongols,the Ming government also took temporary measures such as the Kai-Zhong of remaining salt and setting up Gongben salt(remaining salt of Lianghuai purchased from salt cooker).After the thirtieth year of emperor Jiajing’s reign,the government gradually reduced the Kai-Zhong of remaining salt.During the forty-forth year of emperor Jiajing’s reign,the government abolished the Gongben salt system.During emperor Longqing’s reign,the Ming government made great efforts to solve the problem of salt yin accumulation caused by the system of remaining salt yin.During the early years of emperor Jiajing’s reign,the government took measures to restore the Kai-Zhong system.Firstly,the government only collected provender.Then,considering the silver monetization,the government allowed to collect silver and grain together.During the late year of emperor Longqing’s reign,silvers from the major silver producing areas all over the world flew into China.The payment of Kai-Zhong in silver took the place of grain.Kai-Zhong system further declined.The payment of remaining salt silver gradually became an important source of the Ming government’s salt industry revenue.

关 键 词：嘉隆时期 余盐引 余盐银 开中法 工本盐 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]