冷战初期缅甸中立外交与美国对缅援助  

Burma's Neutral Diplomacy and U.S.Assistance to Burma in the Early Cold War

作　　者：李聪慧 LI Conghui(Department of History,East China Normal University,Shanghai,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系

出　　处：《东南亚研究》2023年第3期133-152,157,158,共22页Southeast Asian Studies

基　　金：华东师范大学2023年“优秀博士生学术创新能力提升计划”项目“冷战初期美国对缅甸宣传政策的演变”(YBNLTS2023-034)。

摘　　要：艾森豪威尔政府对缅甸的援助活动主要围绕其对缅中立外交的认知展开。入主白宫后,艾森豪威尔对东南亚区域一度奉行整体遏制战略,漠视缅甸独特的中立外交政策和援助请求。随着1955年万隆会议召开以及中苏两国与第三世界国家经济联系的加强,美国逐渐放弃区域整体战略,不仅接受了缅甸的中立外交立场,还向其提供大规模的经济援助。在此过程中,美国不断做出“妥协”与“退让”,在援助谈判中便出现了施援国处于被动地位而受援国占据主动地位的吊诡现象。总的来看,美国寄希望于利用援助影响缅甸的内政外交,而缅甸期望通过“不附加任何政治条件”的外援促进国家经济建设。双方在援助目标上的分歧构成了美国对缅援助的结构性矛盾,也凸显了冷战时期美国对外援助面临的一个重要困境,即美国对外援助并不完全是影响受援国的有力工具,反而会成为受援国试图影响美国外交政策的重要杠杆。The Eisenhower administration's assistance activities to Burma revolved around a perception of neutral diplomacy.After entering the White House,Eisenhower pursued a strategy of overall regional containment in Southeast Asia,and thus was indifferent to Burma's unique neutral foreign policy and requests for assistance.With the successful convening of the Bandung Conference in 1955 and the strengthening of economic ties between China and the Soviet Union and Third World countries,the U.S.gradually abandoned the overall regional strategy and not only accepted Burma's neutral diplomatic stance but also provided it with large-scale economic assistance.In the process,the U.S.made“compromises”and“concessions”,which led to the paradoxical phenomenon that the donor countries were passive in the aid negotiations while the recipient countries were active in the negotiations.In general,the U.S.hopes to use aid to influence Burma's domestic and foreign affairs,while Burma expects to receive“no political strings attached”foreign aid to build the country's economy.The differences in aid objectives between the two sides constitute a structural contradiction in U.S.aid to Burma,and this contradiction also highlights an important dilemma facing U.S.foreign aid during the Cold War,namely that U.S.aid is not exactly a powerful tool for influencing recipient countries,but can instead become an important lever for recipients to try to influence U.S.foreign policy.

关 键 词：美国 艾森豪威尔政府 经济援助 缅甸 中立外交 美缅关系 

分 类 号：D871.22[政治法律—政治学]