古代西亚通用语言的形成与演变探析  

Lingua Francas and Their Evolution in Ancient Western Asia

作　　者：国洪更[1] GUO Hong-geng(Institute of World History,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《史学集刊》2023年第5期51-62,共12页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“亚述帝国土地制度研究”(21ASS008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：从公元前4千纪末文字的发明到公元前330年亚历山大征服,苏美尔语、阿卡德语和阿拉米语先后充当西亚地区的通用语言。不过,苏美尔语主要在两河流域与伊朗西南部使用,阿卡德语的使用范围扩展至西亚大部和埃及北部地区,而阿拉米语则在西亚大部、埃及和中亚部分地区使用。虽然苏美尔语、阿卡德语和阿拉米语走向通用语言的路径和使用范围不同,但相关文化的优势是其成为通用语言的前提条件,地区间交流促进了它们的形成与发展,而它们的盛衰往往与军事征服有关。在西亚地区处于分裂状态时,通用语言往往在国际交流中发挥重要作用,而在统一的政权中,通用语言有助于国家内部的交流,是维持国家机器正常运转的重要保障。From the invention of writing at the end of the fourth millennium B.C.to the conquest of Alexandria in 330 B.C.,Sumerian,Akkadian and Aramaic were used as lingua franca one after another in western Asia.Sumerian acted as lingua franca of Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran,Akkadian was the common language of western Asia and northern Egypt,and Aramaic was used in western Asia,Egypt and part of inner Asia.Military conquests were the main dynamic that Sumerian,Akkadian dialects and Aramaic became lingua francas,the advantages of the related cultures made them stand out among languages,and international communication promoted their replacement.Lingua franca was used as diplomatic language when western Asia was divided by powers,and it contributed to the communication of united regimes,and acted as an important tool to gurantee state apparatus work regularly.

关 键 词：西亚 通用语言 苏美尔语 阿卡德语 阿拉米语 

分 类 号：K107.8[历史地理—历史学]