如何消解他心难题?——从维特根斯坦的“甲虫比喻”谈起  

How to Solve His Mental Problem?:Starting from Wittgenstein’s“Beetle Metaphor”

作　　者：李国山[1] LI Guo-shan(School of Philosophy,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学哲学院,天津南开300350

出　　处：《西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期17-28,共12页Journal of Northwest University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“维特根斯坦主要著作释义与研究”(21AZX012)。

摘　　要：维特根斯坦认为,像其他所有哲学难题一样,他心难题也无法从正面予以解答。我们所能做的,只是尽量详细地考察像“疼痛”“思考”“我理解”“我知道”等这样一些心理学表达式的日常用法,看清同一表达式的各种不同用法之间的区别与联系,以抵御寻求心理现象之共同本质的强烈诱惑。一旦彻底扭转探究思路,关于他心的传统本体论和认识论难题便有望迎刃而解。不过,由于我们人类自主使用语言的实践活动异常复杂,要理解任何一个言语行为并对之做出有效的回应都非常困难,所以,任何一项关于心理学表达式的语法考察都只能在具体的语言游戏之中进行,并竭尽所能地考虑到方方面面的情况,包括像掩饰、假装、说谎等等通常被视作语言的负面运用的情形。尽管如此,只要我们彼此保持开放,他心将不成其为难题。According to Wittgenstein,the problem of other minds,just as all other philosophical problems,cannot be answered positively.All we can do is to examine the ordinary uses of such psychological expressions as“pain”,“thinking”,“I understand”,“I know”,etc.as carefully as possible,and to see clearly the differences and connections between the various uses of each expression,so as to resist the strong temptation of the search for the essence of a psychological phenomenon.Once we turn the line of inquiry around,the traditional ontological and epistemological problems of other minds could be dissolved easily.Due to the extreme complexity of our practice of using language,however,it’s very difficult to understand a speech act and respond to it effectively,so any grammatical investigation of a psychological expression can only be done in the concrete language game,making every effort to consider such aspects of the situation as things like covering up,pretending,lying,etc.which are normally called the negative employments of language.So long as we keep open to each other,nevertheless,the problem of other minds will disappear at last.

关 键 词：他心难题 语法考察 外在标准 开放性 维特根斯坦 

分 类 号：B089[哲学宗教—哲学理论]