从法律限制主义、宪法保障主义到法律保留原则--关于基本权利限制的宪法史考察  

A Historical Study on the Restrictions on Fundamental Rights:from Legally Restricted to Constitutionally Protected to Statutory Reserved

作　　者：张翔[1] Zhang Xiang(Law School,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100871

出　　处：《浙江社会科学》2023年第9期31-38,157,共9页Zhejiang Social Sciences

基　　金：研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社科基金重大项目“国家治理现代化背景下保证宪法全面实施制度体系研究”(批准号:23ZDA074)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在中国宪法史上,对于基本权利限制的规定方式,有着从“法律限制主义”到“宪法保障主义”再到“法律保留原则”的“否定之否定”的曲折变迁。旧中国的制宪多采“法律限制主义”,无法为基本权利提供有效保护。受马克思对资本主义宪法的批判的影响,中国共产党人早期采“宪法保障主义”或者“绝对保障主义”立场。但在反思1975年宪法和1978年宪法缺陷的基础上,1982年宪法采纳“基本权利可受限制”的务实观念,对基本权利的法律限制作出规定。伴随着社会主义民主法制的完善,借由《立法法》等重大立法以及相关的宪法实践,现代立宪主义意义上的法律保留原则得以最终确立,并不断得到巩固。From a historical perspective,the ways in which fundamental rights are restricted in the constitutions are various and spiral,from legally restricted,constitutionally protected to statutory reserved.In the previous constitutions before 1949,fundamental rights were restricted by laws subject to no further restrictions.Fundamental rights thus could not be protected effectively.Influenced by Marx’s critique on the capitalist constitutions,the Chinese Communists adopted a way of constitutional protected or absolutely protected in the early period.The current Chinese Constitution 1982 provides the fundamental rights with the restrictions prescribed by law,known as the model of statutory reservation.Adhere to the rule of law,the principle of statutory reservation in Chinese constitutionalism is implemented through the Law on Legislation and in the mechanism of the Record and Review.

关 键 词：基本权利限制 法律保留原则 立法法 合宪性审查 备案审查 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D929[政治法律—法学]