法国法律保留的功能变迁:从立法权配置到法秩序“宪法化”  

The Functional Changes of Legal Reservations in France:from the Configuration of Legislative Power to the“Constitutionalisation”of the Legal Order

作　　者：王蔚[1] Wang Wei(Law School,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100029)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院,北京100029

出　　处：《浙江社会科学》2023年第9期50-60,157,158,共13页Zhejiang Social Sciences

基　　金：研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社科基金重大项目“完善特别行政区司法制度和法律体系研究”(23ZDA121)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：法国法上的法律保留最初在平衡立法与行政立法权限时发挥作用,使权力配置从规范上的“平行型”转变为实践中的“垂直型”。具体而言,法国宪法规范层面对立法事项进行明确列举,形成了立法权与行政立法权泾渭分明的“平行型”规范构造,有了行政保留的最初想象:制宪者希望以此限制议会立法无序扩张。然而,法律保留的实效更多取决于法院判例中对议会立法保留领域和行政立法领域的理解,尤其是依赖于最高行政法院对行政行为进行合法性审查,以及宪法委员会对法律和法规权限配置是否合乎宪法的判断。一方面,最高行政法院作为行政权的捍卫者,虽试图运用法律屏障理论强化行政立法自主空间,但遭遇了来自实证法的强力反击;另一方面,宪法委员会运用合宪性保留审查技术,强化作为审查基准的“立法懈怠”概念,从而进一步挤压了行政立法空间,反向促进了议会立法的强度,形成了“垂直型”立法权限配置。然而,伴随实践变迁,法律保留机制从立法和行政立法权限配置工具逐渐转变为了法秩序的整合工具,宪法规范全方位作用于立法权,助力了客观法秩序“宪法化”。In French law,the function of legal reservation was initially reflected in the balance of legislative and executive legislative competence.This balance has also led to a shift in the allocation of legisla tive power and executive legislative power from“parallel type”to“vertical type”.Specifically,the French constitutional normative level of legislative matters explicitly enumerated in the formation of the legislative power and executive legislative power is clearly separated from the“parallel”normative structure,with the original imagination of the administrative reservation:the framers hoped to limit the expansion of parliamentary legislation in this way.However,the effectiveness of the reservation of laws depends more on the understanding in the jurisprudence of the courts of the areas reserved for parliamentary and administrative legislation,and in particular on the review of the legality of administrative acts by the Conseil d’Etat and the judgment of the Constitutional Council on the constitutionality of the configuration of the competences of laws and regulations.On the one hand,the Conseil d’Etat,as the defender of the executive power,attempts to strengthen the space of autonomy of administrative legislation by applying the legal barrier theory,but encounters strong counter-attacks from the empirical law.On the other hand,the Constitutional Council utilized the review technique of constitutionality reservation to strengthen the legislative slack as the review benchmark,thus further squeezing the space of administrative legislation,and inversely promoting the strength of parliamentary legislation,forming a“vertical”configuration of legislative competence.However,along with the change of practice,the mechanism of law reservation has gradually transformed from the configurator of legislative and executive legislative competence to the integrator of legal order,and the constitutional norms have played a full role in the legislative power,contributing to the“constitutionalisation”of the

关 键 词：法律保留 法国公法 权力配置 宪法化 

分 类 号：D956.5[政治法律—法学] DD911