中国古代建筑的防火设计与营造技术  

On the Firepro of Design and Construction Technology of Ancient Chinese Architecture

作　　者：李合群[1] 孟玉[1] Li Hequn;Meng Yu

机构地区：[1]河南大学土木建筑学院

出　　处：《四川文物》2023年第4期111-118,共8页Sichuan Cultural Relics

摘　　要：中国古代建筑多为土木结构,火灾发生频率高。因此,防火功能是建筑设计与营造的重要考量。在考古遗址或历史文献中均可见到建筑防火设施的设计与营造,主要体现为:在墙体附壁柱或在室内木柱上涂泥、白灰或特制的防火涂料;以瓦顶取代茅草顶,以夯土或砖墙代替木骨泥墙;在相对密集的城市建筑之间开辟防火巷、营造防火墙;城门木门外涂泥或包以铁皮,城门洞上部设计注水灭火设施以便在木质城门被火烧时能及时扑灭;根据“厌火”观念,在屋脊两端设计鸱吻,以及在室内顶部设计出藻井。此外,古人还营造了水井、望火楼等消防设施。The ancient Chinese architecture is mostly civil structure,fire occurs frequently.For this reason,fire prevention,including extinguishing,is an important factor in architectural design and construction.This is mainly reflected in the following aspects:the indoor columns were coated with mud,lime or special fireproof paint,which appeared in some prehistoric village sites or historical documents,for example,mud circles(wooden pillars no longer exist)have been discovered at some sites such as Banpo in Xi'an;the use of tiles on palace roof began in the Western Zhou Dynasty;during the Tang and Song dynasties,tile roof gradually replaced thatched roof with the emergence of tiles in large numbers.In order to increase the fire prevention function,daub and wood lattice wall was replaced by rammed soil or brick wall.In ancient cities with relatively concentrated buildings,fire-prevention lanes and walls were designed to separate buildings in order to prevent the spread of fire and provide convenience for firefighting.The wooden doors of city wall commonly had mud coating or iron sheet for better defense against enemy attack,and the upper part of the gate tunnel is equipped with water-flling and fire-fighting facilities in order to put out fire.The most mature and typical example is the city wall gate of Dadu(capital of the Yuan Dynasty,present-day Beijing).In addition,chiwen(鸥吻),ornament on the end of roof ridge)and caisson(藻吻),ceiling decoration)were developed to quell fire,which also serve as decorations.Besides,the ancients also prepared common fire-fighting facilities such as wells,water jars,and watchtowers to put out fire with water in time.

关 键 词：建筑设计 涂泥 防火巷 防火墙 鸱吻 藻井 

分 类 号：TU892[建筑科学]