历史视野下的“四级两审制”  

On the“Four-Level Two-Trial System”from the Historical Perspective

作　　者：陈杭平[1] Chen Hangping

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2023年第4期49-61,共13页Law and Modernization

摘　　要：2021年启动的为期两年的四级法院审级职能定位改革试点工作即将于2023年下半年到期。改革试点旨在实现四级法院审级职能的分化,对既有的“四级两审制”形成挑战。我国“四级两审制”的形成既有历史的偶然性,也有历史的必然性。自形成以后,其制度内涵发生了变迁,从“强横向关系”向“强纵向关系”或者说从“块块”为主向“条条”为主演进。在此背景下,全国法院自上而下实现司法统一的需求日益迫切。本次改革试点尝试以级别管辖、提级管辖等机制实现“寻常案件压得下去,大案要案提得上来”,将高级别法院(尤其是最高人民法院)的司法资源集中于统一司法。但是,提级管辖机制存在不确定性,增设作为法律审的第三审仍是一个重大而紧迫的课题。The two-year pilot project of the four-level court jurisdiction reform,initiated in 2021,is set to expire in the second half of 2023.This project aims to achieve differentiation in the jurisdictional functions of the four-level courts,challenging the existing“four-level two-trial system”.The formation of China's“four-level two-trial system”is a result of both historical contingency and necessity.Since its establishment,the system's institutional connotations have undergone changes,shifting from a“strong horizontal relationship”to a“strong vertical relationship”or,in other words,from a focus on“blocks”(the horizontal system consisting of units at the same level)to a focus on“strings”(the vertical system consisting of units at different levels).Against this backdrop,there is an increasingly urgent need for the nationwide courts to achieve judicial unity from top to bottom.This pilot reform project attempts to achieve“ordinary cases being handled at lower levels while major and significant cases being elevated to the higher-level courts”through mechanisms such as hierarchical jurisdiction and upward referral.It aims to concentrate judicial resources,especially those of the higher-level courts(particularly the Supreme People's Court),under a unified judicial framework.However,the mechanism of upward referral introduces uncertainties,and the establishment of a third level of legal review remains a significant and pressing issue.

关 键 词：四级两审制 审级制度 提级管辖 事实问题 法律问题 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学]