纳西语的升调——从共时分布类型及演变看字调升调的历史来源  

Reflecting on the Diachronic Origins of Rising Tones in Naxi Based on a Typological View of their Synchronic Distributionand Variations

作　　者：和丽昆 米可 Alexis Michaud;Alexis

机构地区：[1]云南民族大学民族文化学院,昆明650504 [2]法国国家科学院口传语言与文化研究所,94800巴黎

出　　处：《语言学论丛》2023年第3期133-152,共20页Essays on Linguistics

基　　金：云南省哲学社会科学规划项目“基于平调分析的纳西语黄土坡话声调系统研究”(项目编号:QN2019047)的研究成果。

摘　　要：对词汇、合音变调和语法变调穷尽式的整理和分析表明,纳西语的升调分字调和非字调两大类(5小类)。字调升调(1小类)多出现在古人声汉语借词中,而固有词中则极少分布,共时分布暗示字调升调是后来发展的。非字调类(4小类)由合音和语法变调产生。共时上部分合音升调出现词汇化为字调升调的趋势,据此可推测固有词中的字调升调可能来源于历史上相似的过程,而非直接来自汉语借词。合音调词汇化受语音和句法环境的制约。此外,象声词和儿语词也进一步丰富了字调升调。字调升调的出现看来是多种因素共同作用的结果。深入描写和分析纳西语的升调有助于重新认识其声调系统以及演变,同时也为探索藏缅语声调类型学描写方法和理论提供了新证据。Extensive description of lexical tones,syllabic coalescence and morphotonology brings out two classes that both surface as“rising tone”in Naxi.On the one hand,there exists one rising tone lexically associated to the syllable,which occurs mostly on Chinese loanwords.On the other hand,there exist four different types of non-lexical rising contours resulting from syllable reduction and grammatical processes.The situation is further complicated by the fact that some of the non-lexical contours are undergoing lexicalization-a process which we argue sheds indirect light on the diachronic origin of the lexical rising tone.Analysis of the various types of rising contours in Naxi,shaped by multiple factors ranging from lexical tonology and coarticulation to syntax(through language contact and expressive coinages),allows for new insights into Tibeto-Burman tonal typology and the dynamics of tonal systems.

关 键 词：单音节调 升调 合音调 语法变调 词汇化 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]