剩余控制权机制设计与数据流通秩序的法律治理  

Residual control rights,mechanism design and legal governance of data flow order

作　　者：黄东东 陈雅欣 HUANG Dongdong;CHEN Yaxin(School of Cyber Security and Information Law,Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing 400065,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]重庆邮电大学网络空间安全与信息法学院,重庆400065

出　　处：《重庆大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第4期179-190,共12页Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：现实的权利不可能在法律文本中被完全界定,无论作为社会契约性质的法律抑或作为当事人之间交易性质的合同都存在空白、模糊甚至冲突之处,但在法律的执行和合同的履行中,最终会由不完全契约中拥有剩余控制权的一方(不仅仅是当事人)确定,因此权利的实现程度是由剩余控制权决定的。为降低数据流通的交易成本,《民法典》明确将数据权益作为民事权利的客体予以保护,但却选择性地搁置了对数据进一步确权的问题。当数据权益无法清晰界定或者清晰界定的成本过高,依据机制设计的要求,通过对数据流通过程中重要环节、关键辅助环节或主要运用场景中的剩余控制权进行合理配置,可以在一定程度上弥补法定权利界定模糊的问题。由于决策信息成本的约束和政府激励手段的有限性,不可能通过正式制度将剩余控制权配置得完美无缺;而明确将某一剩余控制权配置给当事人、第三方专业机构等,依然是希望市场机制发挥基础性作用的一种配置。中国目前关于数据权益保护和促进数据流通的规则选择已经走向“责任规则+管制规则”的组合模式,可以运用诸如标准合同、企业数据保护信誉机制、技术标准、数据资产和数据侵权赔偿定价机制等,对某些重要的剩余控制权配置予以明确,以支撑相应法律规则的执行或弥补其不足。譬如:标准合同可以采取“通用条款+专用条款”的组合配置;企业数据隐私保护信誉机制可以设定分等级的披露机制,具体确定披露内容、披露方式和披露范围;技术标准的制定和完善应当明确标准的目标定位、粗疏与细密以及作为软法如何与硬法协同的问题;第三方评估机构做出的数据资产和数据侵权赔偿估价应当为交易双方议价或法院裁判的基础,但不宜强制性地规定为交易价格。这种类似分散立法的功能,不仅可以积累经Realistic rights cannot be defined completely in legal texts.There must be blanks,vagueness and even conflicts in the law as a social contract or a contract as a transaction between the parties.However,in the implementation of the law and the performance of the contract,will ultimately be determined by the party(not just the parties)who has the remaining control rights in the incomplete contract,so the degree of realization of the right is determined by the remaining control rights.Although the Civil Code clearly protects data rights as the object of civil rights to reduce the transaction cost of data circulation,it selectively sets aside the issue of further confirmation of data rights.When rights and interests of data cannot be clearly defined,or the cost of definition is too high,according to the requirements of mechanism design,the vague definition of legal rights can be made up to a certain extent through reasonable allocation of the remaining control rights in important links,key auxiliary links,or main application scenarios in the process of data circulation.Due to the constraints of decision-making information costs and the limitations of government incentives,it is impossible to allocate residual control rights perfectly through a formal system;and to clearly allocate a certain residual control rights to parties,third-party professional institutions,etc.,it is still hope that the market mechanism is a configuration that plays a fundamental role.China’s current selection of rules on rights and interests of data protection and promotion of data flow has moved towards the combined mode of“liability rules+control rules”.Such as standard contract,enterprise data protection reputation mechanism,technical standards,data assets and data infringement compensation pricing mechanism,etc.,can be used to clarify some important allocation of residual control rights,support the implementation of relevant legal rules or making up for their deficiency.Here are some concrete examples related to the above.A standard

关 键 词：数据流通 剩余控制权 机制设计 不完全契约 激励相容 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]