向谁忠诚:“原繁困境”与现代宪法的伦理革命  

Yuan Fan's Dilemmaand the Ethical Revolution of Modern Constitutions

作　　者：聂清雨 Nie Qingyu

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《人大法律评论》2021年第2期158-177,共20页Renmin University Law Review

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“宪法视野下的代表理论研究”(项目编号:15JJ820002)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《左传》中以原繁为代表的士大夫在君权更迭时,常常面临忠诚的两难抉择,这是中国古代政治的伦理“魔咒”。所谓“原繁困境”,本质上就是古代君主制下忠诚伦理的标准问题,它可以拆解为“对谁忠诚”和“如何效忠”两个子问题。困境产生的根源是君主政体下主权代表的人格单一性,使忠诚的主体外在于其效忠对象,且构成了双方对峙的格局。现代社会将忠诚的对象从单一的君主人格转化为全体人民,使“臣民-君主”的忠诚结构转变为“臣民-人民”的自我治理模式,并通过代表制度让无组织、无定形的人民组织起来得以出场。这是现代政治的伦理革命,也是现代法治的核心要义。当代表将人民的意志以宪法的形式表达出来,作为忠诚对象的主权者便完成了由人民到宪法的法治转化。宪法宣誓的本质就是人民主权原则的法治表达,是权力行使者对主权者人民表示忠诚的公共道德仪式。The scholar bureaucrats represented by Yuanfan in Zuo Zhuan often faced the dilemma of loyalty when the regime changed,which was the ethical"Curse"of ancient Chinese politics.The so-called"Yuan Fan's dilemma"is essentially the standard of loyalty ethics under the ancient monarchy.It can be divided into two sub problems:"to whom"and"how to be loyal".The root of the dilemma is the unitary personality of the sovereign representative under the monarchy,which makes the subject of loyalty independent of its object and constitutes a pattern of confrontation between the two sides.The modern society transforms the object of loyalty from a single personality of monarch to the whole people,transforms the loyalty structure of"subject-monarch"into a selfgovernment model of"subjectpeople",and organizes the unorganized and amorphous people through the representative system.This is not only the ethical revolution of modern politics,but also the core meaning of rule of law.When the representative express people's will in the form of constitution,the sovereign as the loyal object has completed the legal transformation from people to constitution.The essence of constitutional oath is the legal expression of the principle of popular sovereignty and the public moral ceremony for power executors to express their loyal to people.

关 键 词：忠诚伦理 《左传》 原繁 人民主权 宪法忠诚 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]