明代军制演进与盛衰之变  

The Evolving Military System and the Rise and Fall of the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：曹循[1] Cao Xun

机构地区：[1]西北大学历史学院,西安710127

出　　处：《历史研究》2023年第3期44-67,M0004,M0005,共26页Historical Research

摘　　要：明代军制在正统至嘉靖年间发生一系列重要变化,其实质是从军事劳役体制向职业军队发展。卫所屯军从军队分离,大多数军士按作战任务组织为营兵,并定为经制。以户供军制度几近解体,世兵由户役向职业兵转化,不强制世袭的招募军兵和不入军籍的招募民兵相继出现。官兵上升通道由封闭转为开放,将校选拔平民化。嘉靖后期至万历前期,军额大幅增长,军事人才济济,军队战斗力提高,军力比较强盛。万历中叶以后,明朝治理能力跟不上军制发展的新形势,导致军队职业化的负面作用愈加明显,这是强盛局面很快结束、军力迅速衰败的重要原因。During the Ming Dynasty,the military system underwent significant changes from the Zhengtong to the Jiajing period,marking a transition from a system of military labor service to an occupational army.The separation of farming soldiers under weisuo system from the military,the reorganization of troops into battalions based on combat tasks,and the establishment of a standardized military structure were among the pivotal transformations.The traditional system of household-supported soldiers gradually disintegrated,as hereditary soldiers transitioned to occupational soldiers,and the recruitment of soldiers on military registers who were not required to be hereditary and soldiers on civilian registers increased.Furthermore,opportunities for promotion within the military opened to civilians,as officers were selected through a more inclusive process.During the late Jiajing to early Wanli period,there was a significant expansion in military personnel,a surge in military talent,and enhanced combat capabilities,resulting in a period of great military strength.However,from the mid-Wanli period onwards,the Ming government's ability to govern failed to keep pace with the changing dynamics of the military system,leading to the negative consequences of occupationalization becoming increasingly apparent.This,in turn,became a crucial factor in the rapid decline of military strength and the end of the prosperous era.

关 键 词：明代军制 军事劳役体制 职业军队 募兵制 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] E291[历史地理—中国史]