海洋环境保护义务与对世义务之关系辨析  

Discerning the Relationship between the Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment and the Obligation Erga Omnes

作　　者：莫俞淅 Mo Yuxi

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2023年第3期31-47,共17页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：福建省哲学社会科学规划青年项目“基于混合立法模式的公海保护区管理机制研究”(FJ2020C009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：对世义务是国际法中保护共同体利益的一种义务性规范,由国际法院创设并呈现发展的态势。在海洋环境保护领域,承认海洋环境保护义务是对世义务的司法实践有限,理论上形成了海洋环境保护义务是对世义务还是备选对世义务的争议。目前关于对世义务具体内涵的认定标准存在习惯国际法之强行法标准、国际司法实践之司法判例标准以及国际公法学家之学说标准。不可否认,随着国际司法实践的进一步发展,运用对世义务保护公海和国际海底区域的海洋环境具有可能性。但运用对世义务保护海洋环境仍面临着强行法规范认定困难、国家实践证明阙如,以及对世义务外延不明等挑战。目前,海洋环境保护义务仍是一项备选对世义务,需要国际实践进行检视。The obligation erga omnes is an obligatory norm of protecting the interests of the community in international law,created and developed by the International Court of Justice.In the field of marine environmental protection,there is limited judicial practice recognising marine environmental protection obligations as obligations erga omnes,which has led to a theoretical controversy as to whether marine environmental protection obligations form erga omnes obligations or alternative erga omnes obligations.There are currently standards of jus cogens in customary international law,jurisprudence in international judicial practice and doctrine of public international jurists to determine the specific content of the obligation.It is undeniable that with the further development of international judicial practice,it is possible to apply the obligation to protect the marine environment on the high seas and in the international seabed area.However,the application of obligations erga omnes to protect the marine environment still faces challenges such as the difficulty of identifying jus cogens norms,the lack of evidence of State practice and the lack of clarity as to the scope of obligations erga omnes.For the time being,the obligation to protect the marine environment remains an alternative obligation erga omnes,which needs to be reviewed in international practice.

关 键 词：对世义务 共同利益 海洋环境保护 强行法 

分 类 号：D996.9[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] D993.5[政治法律—经济法学]