叶卡捷琳娜二世的犹太人政策与栅栏区的起源  

Catherine II's Jewish Policy and the Rise of the Pale of Settlement

作　　者：疏会玲 Huiling Shu

机构地区：[1]华侨大学国际关系学院,厦门361021

出　　处：《世界民族》2023年第4期40-52,共13页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：福建省社会科学规划项目(FJ2020C031)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：栅栏区是18世纪末至20世纪初犹太人在俄国西南边疆聚居的特定区域。它是叶卡捷琳娜二世的移民政策、边疆政策和犹太人政策的综合产物。18世纪下半叶俄国三度参与瓜分波兰,大量波兰-立陶宛犹太人跟随殖民地进入俄国。在整合新殖民地的过程中,俄国政府推行了融合犹太人的宽容政策。由于地方政府和民众阻挠,1791年后俄国开始禁止犹太社团进入腹地,逐步将其限制在边疆省份,形成栅栏区。与此同时,俄国政府推行的一系列内政改革使得犹太人在传统职业、赋税、犹太教司法等领域遭遇一定的限制和歧视,在社会地位上更加边缘化。栅栏区的出现凸显了俄国少数民族与主体社会、边疆与腹地之间的隔阂与对立。19世纪后,随着地理和社会边界的强化,栅栏区进一步阻隔了犹太人与主流社会的互通互融,致使晚期沙俄深陷“犹太人问题”的历史困境。The Pale of Settlement is a specific area where Jews lived in the southwestern frontier of Russia from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century.It was a synthesis of Catherine II’s immigration policy,frontier policy and Jewish policy.In the second half of the 18th century,Russia participated in the partition of Poland for three times,and a large number of Polish-Lithuanian Jews followed the colony into Russia.In the process of integrating the new colonies,the Russian government pursued a tolerant policy of integrating Jews.However,due to the resistance by the local governments and ethnic Russians,the Russian government began to prohibit Jewish communities from entering the hinterland,and gradually confined them to the border provinces after 1791,hence forming the Pale of Settlement.At the same time,a series of internal reforms carried out by the Russian government made Jews encounter certain restrictions and discrimination in traditional occupations,taxation,Jewish justice and other fields,and become more marginalized in social status.The appearance of the Pale of Settlement highlighted the estrangement and confrontation between the ethnic minorities and the main society as well as between the frontier and the hinterland in Russia.After the 19th century,with the strengthening of geographical and social boundaries,the Pale of Settlement further blocked the communication and integration between Jews and the mainstream society,resulting in the historical dilemma of“Jewish problem”in late Tsarist Russia.

关 键 词：沙皇俄国 叶卡捷琳娜二世 犹太人政策 栅栏区 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学] D066[政治法律—中外政治制度]