数字交易的欧盟路径与德国模式——《德国民法典》数字产品合同规则对债法的“补丁式”更新  

The EU’s Approach to and the German Model of Digital Transactions:A“Patchy”Update of the Obligation Law by the German Civil Code’s“Digital Product Contract”Rules

作　　者：金晶[1] JIN Jing

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2023年第3期100-135,I0004,I0005,共38页Chinese Journal of European Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“数据流通合同法原理体系的构建与展开”(项目批准号:22BFX180);司法部法治建设与法学理论研究课题(项目编号:18SFB3043、21SFB3017);中国政法大学钱端升杰出学者支持计划和青年教师学术创新团队支持计划(项目编号:21CXTD03)。

摘　　要：欧盟是数字交易立法的先行者。作为2022年《德国民法典》修正的驱动因素,2019年欧盟《数字内容指令》是欧洲统一买卖法的“拼图”之一,继承了《欧洲共同买卖法》的“法律遗产”,并对《消费品买卖指令》做数字化升级,首次回应数字交易的合同法挑战,专设瑕疵担保规则,包括与合同相符、数字内容或数字服务之提供、违约救济权利。采取“法典内转化”模式的德国,通过《德国民法典》确立数字产品合同新规则,新创“数字产品”与“产品瑕疵”概念,新设“经营者的更新义务”制度,但新的规则和制度“瑕瑜互见”。法技术上,“与合同相符”概念强调时间维度,“产品瑕疵”凸显客观要件,此种技术性调整虽更契合数字交易现实,但须与传统瑕疵担保法相协调;体系上,采取“提取公因式”的立法路径,在“债法总则”安置具有鲜明消费者保护色彩的数字产品合同规则,构成对债法的“补丁式”更新,给以功能理性为基础逻辑的“总分则”法典体例带来结构冲突和价值冲突的双重风险。The EU is a pioneer in digital transactions legislation.As a driver for the amendment of the German Civil Code in 2022,theDirective(EU)2019/770 is one piece of the“jigsaw puzzle”of the European Sales Law inheriting the“legal heritage”of the Common European Sales Law,and a digital“update”of the Directive 1999/44/EC.The Directive(EU)2019/770 responds for the first time to the challenges posed by digital transactions to contractual law by creating rules for breach of contract in the provision of digital content and digital services.Germany,which has adopted the“transposition within the code”model,has established new rules for digital product contracts through the German Civil Code(BGB),creating new concepts of“digital product”and“product defect”and introducing a new regime of“update obligation of the trader”.But the new rules have both strengths and weaknesses.Technically,the concept of“conformity with the contract”emphasises the time dimension,and“product defect”highlights the objective elements.Such technical adjustments are more in line with the reality of digital transactions,but they must be coordinated with the traditional obligation law.Systematically,Germany has adopted an“axiomatic extraction”legislation approach,with a strong consumer protection dimension in the general law of obligation(Allgemeines Schuldrecht),which is a“patchy”update of obligation law.The rules of digital product contract bring the double risk of structural conflict and value conflict to the“general and sub-rules”civil code system,which is based on the logic of functional rationality.

关 键 词：数字交易 《德国民法典》 数字产品 产品瑕疵 债法 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学] D951.6[政治法律—法学] DD913