氮肥运筹对黄土高原春玉米产量形成和氮代谢的调控效应  

Regulation effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on grain yield formation and nitrogen transportation of spring maize in the Loess Plateau,China

作　　者：高钰 闫耀廷[2] 赵刚[3] 张文伟 豆丽萍 李可夫 宋展树 高丽[2] GAO Yu;YAN Yao-ting;ZHAO Gang;ZHANG Wen-wei;DOU Li-ping;LI Ke-fu;SONG Zhan-shu;GAO Li(Qingyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Qingyang Gansu 745000;Qingyang Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Qingyang Gansu 745000;Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Dryland Agriculture,Lanzhou Gansu 730070)

机构地区：[1]庆阳市农业科学研究院,甘肃庆阳745000 [2]庆阳市农业技术推广中心,甘肃庆阳745000 [3]甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第6期186-195,共10页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFD19007);农业农村部耕地质量提升与化肥减量增效项目。

摘　　要：为明确黄土高原旱地春玉米减肥增效的科学生产模式,采用完全随机裂区试验设计,以氮肥梯度(N1:225 kg/hm^(2);N2:275 kg/hm^(2);N3:325 kg/hm^(2))为主区,在播种前、大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量的20%、40%条件下,以氮肥后移比例(传统追肥M1:拔节期40%;氮肥后移10%M2:拔节期30%+开花后10 d 10%;氮肥后移20%M3:拔节期20%+开花后10 d 20%;氮肥后移30%M4:拔节期10%+开花后10 d 30%)为副区,测定玉米不同生育阶段硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、花期和成熟期茎秆叶片氮含量变化、花后氮素转运特征和籽粒产量。结果表明:M4处理显著增加了拔节期之后玉米叶片NR活性,同一氮肥运筹模式下,中氮(N2)提高了灌浆期及灌浆期之后玉米叶片NR活性,高氮(N3)反而抑制NR活性。氮肥后移提高了花期、成熟期玉米茎秆叶片氮含量,成熟期N3处理下氮肥后移处理M2、M3、M4较传统追肥M1处理分别高10.1%、14.7%和23.5%。同一施氮水平下,氮肥后移比例越大,玉米茎秆氮素转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率越高,而N2水平下,M4处理显著增加了叶片对籽粒的贡献率。N2和N3水平下M4处理籽粒产量无显著差异,但N2处理纯利润显著高于N3处理。施氮275 kg/hm^(2)且氮肥后移30%(拔节期追肥27.5 kg/hm^(2)+开花后10 d追肥82.5 kg/hm^(2))有利于玉米增产,促进农户增收。A completely random split zone test with nitrogen application level as main plots and nitrogen-fertilizer postponing application ratio as sub-plots was designed to clarify the scientific production mode for reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency of spring maize in the dryland of Loess Plateau.Three nitrogen application levels were 225 kg/hm^(2)(N1),275 kg/hm^(2)(N2)and 325 kg/hm^(2)(N3);sub-plot was nitrogen-fertilizer postponing application ratio,based on base application of 20%nitrogen-fertilizer before sowing and topdressing of 40%nitrogen-fertilizer at the big bell mouth stage,four types of nitrogen-fertilizer postponing application ratio were set up,including M1:traditional nitrogen application,i.e.40%nitrogen-fertilizer applied at jointing stage;M2:10%of nitrogen postponing applied,i.e.30%nitrogen-fertilizer applied at jointing stage and 10%at 10 days after flowering stage;M3:20%of nitrogen postponing applied,i.e.20%nitrogen-fertilizer applied at jointing stage and 20%at 10 days after flowering stage;M4:30%of nitrogen postponing applied,i.e.10%nitrogen-fertilizer applied at jointing stage and 30%at 10 days after flowering stage.The nitrate reductase(NR)activity in leaves at different growth stages of spring maize,the changes of nitrogen contents of stems and leaves at anthesis and maturity stages,nitrogen transport characteristics after anthesis and grain yield were determined.Results showed that the treatment of M4 significantly increased the activity of NR after jointing in maize leaves,under the same nitrogen fertilizer management mode,medium nitrogen(N2)increased the activity of NR at filling stage and after filling stage of maize leaves,while high nitrogen(N3)inhibited the activity of NR.Nitrogen-fertilizer postponing application increased the nitrogen content of maize stems and leaves at anthesis and maturity stages,nitrogen content of maize leaves in N3 with nitrogen-fertilizer postponing application treatments were 10.1%,14.7%and 23.5%higher than that of M1,respectively.At the sam

关 键 词：氮肥运筹 春玉米 氮含量 氮素转运 籽粒产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]