近30年来我国小麦和玉米秸秆资源时空变化特征及还田减肥潜力  

Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Wheat and Maize Stalk Resources and Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Potential of Returning to Farmland in Recent 30 Years in China

作　　者：刘淑军[1,2] 李冬初 黄晶[1,2] 曲潇林 马常宝[3] 王慧颖 于子坤 张璐 韩天富 柳开楼 申哲[1] 张会民 LIU ShuJun;LI DongChu;HUANG Jing;QU XiaoLin;MA ChangBao;WANG HuiYing;YU ZiKun;ZHANG Lu;HAN TianFu;LIU KaiLou;SHEN Zhe;ZHANG HuiMin(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land,Beijing 100081;Red Soil Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Hengyang/National Observation and Research Station of Farmland Ecosystem in Qiyang,Hunan,Qiyang 426182,Hunan;Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100125;Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resources/Key Laboratory of Acidified Soil Amelioration and Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Nanchang 330046)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京100081 [2]中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站/湖南祁阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,湖南祁阳426182 [3]农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心,北京100125 [4]江西省红壤及种质资源研究所/农业农村部酸化土改良与利用重点实验室,南昌330046

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2023年第16期3140-3155,共16页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFD0300901);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01-88);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(Y2022LM25,GY2022-13-5,G2022-02-2,G2022-02-3,G2022-02-10);湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ30648);国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22-Z09)。

摘　　要：【目的】我国拥有丰富的小麦和玉米秸秆资源,明晰我国小麦、玉米秸秆产量和养分资源量及还田减肥潜力的时空变化特征,可为推进秸秆资源利用和化肥减施提供决策依据。【方法】以农业农村部1988-2019年在全国小麦玉米区的土壤长期监测数据为基础,分析我国各地区不同年份的小麦玉米秸秆和养分资源量及还田减肥潜力。【结果】2010s全国小麦和玉米秸秆年均量分别达到1.62×10^(8)和4.23×10^(8)t,比1990s增加0.16×10^(8)和2.04×10^(8)t;秸秆NPK总养分资源年均量分别达到278.19×10^(4)和901.08×10^(4)t,比1990s增加27.97×10^(4)和434.82×10^(4)t,均以华北增量最高。30年来全国小麦秸秆及养分资源呈先降后增的趋势,玉米呈增长趋势。第一阶段(1990s—2000s)和第二阶段(2000s—2010s)小麦秸秆资源年变化速率分别为-42.47×10^(4)和205.10×10^(4)t·a^(-1),N、P和K的养分资源年变化速率分别为-0.26×10^(4)、-0.03×10^(4)、-0.44×10^(4)t·a^(-1)和1.27×10^(4)、0.14×10^(4)、2.11×10^(4)t·a^(-1);第一阶段和第二阶段玉米秸秆资源年变化速率分别为397.82×10^(4)和1643.60×10^(4)t·a^(-1),N、P和K的养分资源年变化速率分别为3.46×10^(4)、0.56×10^(4)、4.46×10^(4)t·a^(-1)和14.30×10^(4)、2.30×10^(4)、18.41×10^(4)t·a^(-1)。80%以上的小麦秸秆及其养分资源分布在华北和长江中下游,以华北最高(0.93×10^(8)t,NPK 160.31×10^(4)t),西南最低(0.09×10^(8)t,NPK 16.05×10^(4)t);70%左右的玉米秸秆及其养分资源分布在东北和华北,以东北最高(1.39×10^(8)t,NPK 296.96×10^(4)t),长江中下游最低(0.21×10^(8)t,NPK 44.40×10^(4)t)。全国小麦秸秆还田的N、P和K养分单位面积年均当季释放量分别为21.1、3.0和62.3 kg·hm^(-2),以华北最高,西南最低;玉米秸秆还田的N、P和K养分单位面积年均当季释放量分别为48.6、10.6和97.7 kg·hm^(-2),以西北最高,西南最低。近30年来,全国单位面积小麦和玉米【Objective】China has rich wheat and maize stalk resources.It is necessary to clarify the spatial-temporal characteristics of the wheat and maize stalk resources,the corresponding nutrient resources and chemical fertilizer reduction potential through stalk incorporation,which can provide decision basis for promoting the utilization of stalk resources and reducing chemical fertilizer application.【Method】Based on the soil long-term monitoring data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in wheat and maize planting areas of China from 1988 to 2019,this study analyzed the amount of wheat and maize stalk and its nutrient resources and fertilizer reduction potential through stalk incorporation in different years in each region of China.【Result】The annual average amount of wheat and maize stalk resources reached 1.62×10^(8)t and 4.23×10^(8)t,respectively in 2010s,which were increased by0.16×10^(8)t and 2.04×10^(8)t compared with 1990s,respectively.The annual average amount of wheat and maize stalk NPK resources reached 278.19×10^(4)t and 901.08×10^(4)t,respectively,which were increased by 27.97×10^(4)t and 434.82×10^(4)t compared with 1990s,respectively.Both of them increased most in North China(NC).The annual average amount of wheat stalk resources and NPK resources decreased first and then increased with planting years,while maize increased.In the first stage(1990s to 2000s)and the second stage(2000s to 2010s),the annual variation rate(AVR)of wheat stalk resources were-42.47×10^(4)t·a^(-1)and 205.10×10^(4)t·a^(-1),and the AVR of nutrient resources were-0.26×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of N,-0.03×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of P,-0.44×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of K and 1.27×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of N,0.14×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of P,and 2.11×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of K,respectively.In the first stage and the second stage,the AVR of maize stalk resources were 397.82×10^(4)t·a^(-1)and 1643.60×10^(4)t·a^(-1),and the AVR of nutrient resources were 3.46×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of N,0.56×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of P,4.46×10^(4)t·a^(-1)of K and 14.30×10^(4

关 键 词：秸秆资源 小麦 玉米 时空变化 化肥减量 中国 

分 类 号：S38[农业科学—农艺学]