授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响  

Effects of Tassel Sizes on Post-Flowering Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Different Maize Varieties Under High Temperature Stress During Pollination

作　　者：穆心愿 吕姗姗 卢良涛 刘天学[1] 李树岩[3] 薛昌颖[3] 王宏伟 赵霞[2] 夏来坤[2] 唐保军[2] MU XinYuan;LÜShanShan;LU LiangTao;LIU TianXue;LI ShuYan;XUE ChangYing;WANG HongWei;ZHAO Xia;XIA LaiKun;TANG BaoJun(College of Agronomy,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046;Cereal Institute,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Henan International Joint Laboratory on Maize Precision Production,Zhengzhou 450002;China Meteorological Administration/Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique,Zhengzhou 450003;Nanyang Wancheng District Letters and Calls Bureau,Nanyang 473000,Henan)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学农学院,郑州450046 [2]河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所/河南省玉米绿色精准生产国际联合实验室,郑州450002 [3]中国气象局/河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点实验室,郑州450003 [4]南阳市宛城区信访局,河南南阳473000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2023年第15期2880-2894,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：中国气象局·河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点开放实验室项目(AMF202108);河南省农业科学院科技创新团队项目(2023TD37);河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所自主立项项目(LZZC202203);河南省玉米产业技术体系建设专项(HARS-22-02-G2)。

摘　　要：【目的】高温是制约夏玉米高产稳产的重要气象因子之一,通过设置授粉期高温胁迫和雄穗变小处理,探明高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米产量形成的影响,为玉米抗逆栽培及耐高温育种提供参考。【方法】以2个玉米品种浚单20(XD20)和农华101(NH101)为试材,于2020—2021年玉米抽雄至散粉结束的10 d内采用人工模拟增温试验,同时,设置抽雄期雄穗变小处理(剪除60%雄穗分枝数),探究授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累分配和产量形成的影响。【结果】2年结果表明,授粉期高温胁迫对玉米雄穗长度、分枝数、小穗数和雌雄开花动态影响较小,但导致玉米干物质积累能力及向穗部分配比例下降,影响雌穗生长发育,造成穗轴长度和穗轴粗显著降低,穗粒数显著减少,花后物质积累量及向籽粒分配比例下降,进而产量显著降低。高温胁迫后,NH101穗长的下降幅度小于XD20,但行粒数、穗粒数及花后物质积累向籽粒分配比例的下降幅度高于XD20,导致NH101产量降幅超过XD20,XD20和NH101产量降幅分别为12.32%和25.00%,可见XD20比NH101更耐高温。雄穗变小处理使XD20和NH101的雄穗分枝数和小穗数分别显著降低58.57%、42.91%和57.30%、41.34%,但对雌雄开花动态无显著影响。2个温度条件下,雄穗变小处理均能促进雌穗生长,增加穗粒数,促进花后物质向籽粒积累,进而提高产量,其中,高温条件下的XD20增产幅度最大。在常温条件下,与正常雄穗处理相比,雄穗变小处理下,XD20和NH101的产量分别平均增加2.76%和4.37%,而在高温条件下,分别增加12.47%和5.75%。【结论】授粉期高温胁迫对雄穗生长发育影响较小,但导致雌穗生长发育受到不可逆损伤,穗粒数减少,制约了花后光合同化物向籽粒分配,产量显著下降。高温条件下,适当减少雄穗分枝数可促进雌穗生长发育,增加穗粒数,促进花后物质向籽粒积累,提高产量,且【Objective】High temperature stress is one of the most critical meteorological disaster factors that restrict the high and stable yield of maize.This study explored the effect of tassel sizes on yield of different maize varieties under high temperature stress during pollination,so as to provide the theoretical basis and reference for stress-resistant cultivation and high temperature resistance breeding of maize.【Method】This study was conducted by plot experiment in a greenhouse with two maize varieties as the experimental materials,Xundan 20(XD20)and Nonghua 101(NH101),from 2020 to 2021.The effect of tassel sizes on dry matter accumulation,distribution and yield of maize under high temperature stress during pollination was investigated by setting the tassel branch removal treatment at tasseling stage.【Result】The results of two years showed that high temperature stress during pollination had little effect on tassel length,branch number,spikelet number and flowering dynamics of male and female.However,high temperature stress resulted in the decrease of dry matter accumulation capacity and distribution ratio to ear,which affected the growth and development of ear,resulting in the significant decrease of cob length and diameter,the significant decrease of grain number per ear,the decrease of proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis,and the significant decrease of yield.Under high temperature stress,the decrease of ear length of NH101 was less than that of XD20,but the decrease of grain number per row,grain number per ear and the proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis was higher than that of XD20,resulting in the decrease of yield of NH101 more than that of XD20,and the yield of XD20 and NH101 decreased by 12.32%and 25.00%respectively.XD20 is more resistant to heat than NH101.The tassel branch removal treatment significantly reduced the number of tassel branch and spikelet of XD20 and NH101 by 58.57%,42.91%and 57.30%,41.34%,respectively,but had little effect on the flower

关 键 词：玉米 授粉期高温 雄穗大小 干物质积累 籽粒产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]