清代史学的近代误读与校验  

Study of the Modern Misinterpretations and Modifications of the Chinese Historiography in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：谢贵安[1] XIE Gui-an

机构地区：[1]武汉大学历史学院暨中国传统文化研究中心,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期74-83,170,F0003,共12页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“明清史学与近代学术转型研究”(16JJD770037)。

摘　　要：作为与近代(晚清民国)在时段上最为毗邻的清代史学,在中国史学的近代转型中受到了更多的关注,被频繁地拿来与传入中国的西方史学概念和现象进行类比和对接,难免造成了文化涵化中的“误读”现象。如新民本思想被误读为欧洲启蒙思想(特别是社会契约论),乾嘉考据学被误读为以兰克为代表的科学实证主义,则是当时学界的普遍认识,属于普遍性误读;而如王夫之“生计自由”观被误读为亚当·斯密的国富论,章学诚史学理论被误读为唯物论这样的认知,只属于个别民国学者的特殊理解,属于差异性误读。如果说差异性的误读只是属于学者个人的特殊理解的话,那么普遍性的误读则是一个时代学界的共识,常常形成学术思潮和社会浪潮。误读的产生是因为清代史学与西方史学之间存在着内容、形式、方法等多方面的相似性。“误读”在交流初期,客观上推动了中西史学的交流,促进学术和社会的近代转型,但在后期则造成中西史学深入交流和国人精准理解西方史学的障碍,于是对误读的校验随之展开。近代中西史学的交流,正是在这种误读—校验的发展中,不断得到提升。Historiography of Qing Dynasty,nearest to modern times(late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China),has received more public attention in the modern transformation of Chinese historiography,and has been frequently used to compare and contrast with the concepts and phenomena of Western historiography in China,which will inevitably result in misreading in cultural acculturation.For example,Wang Fuzhi s view of“freedom of livelihood”is misinterpreted as Adam Smith s theory of Wealth of Nations,and Zhang Xuecheng s theory of history is misinterpreted as materialism,which only belongs to the special understanding of individual scholars in the Republic of China.For example,the new people-based thought was misinterpreted as the European enlightenment thought(including the social contract theory),and the Qianjia textual study was misinterpreted as the scientific positivism represented by Ranke,which was the general understanding in the academic world at that time,a kind of universal misinterpretation.If differential misreading is only the special understanding of the individual scholars,then the universal misreading is the consensus of the academics of the times,and often forms the academic trend of thought and social wave.The reason of misreading is that there are similarities in content,form and method between Qing Dynasty historiography and Western historiography.In the initial stage of the exchange,misreading objectively promoted the exchange of Chinese and Western historiography,leading to the modern transformation of academia and society,but in the later stage,it hindered the in-depth exchange and accurate understanding of Chinese and Western historiography,so the verification of misreading began.It is in this development of misreading and verifying that the exchange of modern Chinese and Western historiography has been continuously promoted.

关 键 词：清代史学 中西史学交流 近代转型 误读 校验 

分 类 号：K03[历史地理—历史学]