清代例木采运制度与困境及其应对  

The Li mu system,predicament and countermeasures of in the Qing dynasty

作　　者：邓一帆 DENG Yifan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《原生态民族文化学刊》2023年第5期99-109,155,共12页Journal of Ethnic Culture

摘　　要：“例木”,又称“额木”或“年例木植”,清代例木采运是为满足宫廷、京城部分工程需用而设置的递年按例征用木植的制度,属于皇木采办的一种。顺康时期,因宫苑修葺和清宫营建工程增加,需用木植增多,清廷遂行令江西、江苏、湖南、浙江按例递年办理运京,渐成定例。清中叶以后,因地方财政捉襟见肘,战乱频发,木植存量锐减等因素影响,例木采运一度难以维系。各省只能在多方筹措经费的同时,进一步变通采办形式,寻求与商人的合作,利用市场网络勉力维持其运转。至于光绪末年,各省经济凋敝,运道阻塞,大木难觅,原本为清廷林木资源利用而形成的木材额征制度在社会与资源存量的双重影响之下最终瓦解。探析例木制度运行、困境及调适,呈现办木过程中官员、商人群体和市场的合作与分歧,有助于进一步理解清廷物料办运制度与实际采运过程中的张力,以及资源存量与例木办运方式调整之间的密切关系。“Li mu”(例木)is also known as"E mu"(额木),or“Annual Tribute Woods”(年例木植).The Li mu system in the Qing dynasty is to meet the needs of the construction works in the palace.It was part of the woods supply system for the Qing imperial.Because of the repairing and construction of Qing palaces,many trees were needed in Shunzhi(顺治)and Kangxi(康熙)periods.Jiangxi,Jiangsu,Hunan and Zhejiang were commanded to offer the woods in turn for the Qing Empire.In the mid-Qing Dynasty,due to local financial reduction,frequent military disasters,and especially the sharp decline in the production of timber,the system is difficult to sustain.The officers had to make further changes in procurement forms,such as seeking help from businessmen,and using market networks to get the woods in need.At the end of Guangxu(光绪)period,the economy of the provinces is depressed,at the same time the transportation channel is blocked,it is difficult to find large wood,the system had broken down.This article explores the operation,dilemmas,and adaptations of the wood-supply system,and presents the cooperation and disagreement among officials,merchant groups,and the market in the process.This study contributes to further understand the tensions between the purchasing system of materials and the actual process,as well as the close relationship between the stock of resources and the adjustments in implementation.

关 键 词：例木制度 清代 采办 价格 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]