占有的交替:实务反思与规则塑造  

Alternation of Possession:Practice Reflection and Rule Shaping

作　　者：杨绪峰 YANG Xufeng

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院

出　　处：《中国法律评论》2023年第4期101-114,共14页China Law Review

摘　　要：实务中对占有的交替的把握存在较大分歧,同案不同判的情况比较突出,根本原因在于缺乏明确的判断规则。理论上用于解决这一问题的双重控制说空有形式结论,却无实质说理;先占取得说针对的是无主物,适用范围很窄;管理义务说则无法说明注意义务的产生根据。在明确财物的原占有人丧失占有的前提下,才有必要讨论占有的交替。特定领域的管理者之占有并非恒定的状态,会随着场所封闭性的变化而改变,故应以行为人行为时为基准来进行确认。在完全封闭的特定领域,由于管理者对该领域内的财物存在排他的事实性支配,可以肯定占有的交替。在不完全封闭的特定领域,能否肯定占有的交替则需要考量事实性支配的强弱以及占有意思的程度,前者虽因个案而异,但场所的封闭性程度、支配的核心区范围、抑制第三者占有的特别措施是不可忽视的判断资料;后者则需要联系事实性支配的程度相对地确定,在事实性支配弱的情况下,只有存在明确的占有意思,才能肯定占有的交替。There are great differences in the grasp of the alternation of possession in practice.The situation of different judgments in the similar case is prominent.The fundamental reason is the lack of clear judgment rules.Theoretically,the dual control theory used to solve this problem has formal conclusions,but no substantive reasoning.The doctrine of first possession is aimed at the ownerless property,and the scope of application is very narrow.The theory of management duty cannot explain the basis of the duty of care.It is necessary to discuss the alternation of possession only on the premise that the original possessor of property has lost possession.The possession of managers in specific fields is not constant and will change with the change of the closeness of space,so it should be confirmed based on the time of the actor's behavior.In a completely closed specific field,as the manager has exclusive factual control over the property in the field,the alternation of possession is certain.In a specific area that is not completely closed,whether the alternation of possession can be confirmed depends on the strength of factual control and the degree of possession intention.Although the strength of factual control varies from case to case,the degree of closeness of the space,the scope of the core area of control,and the special measures to restrain the possession of a third party are the judgment data that cannot be ignored.The degree of possession intention needs to be determined relative to the degree of factual control.In the case of weak factual control,only when there is a clear intention of possession can the alternation of possession be confirmed.

关 键 词：占有的交替 事实性支配 占有意思 双重控制说 判断规则 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]