论无结婚行为能力的精神障碍者缔结的婚姻效力  

On Effectiveness of the Marriage Concluded by Mentally Disabled Who Lacks Marital Capacity

作　　者：夏江皓 Xia Jianghao

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学

出　　处：《法学》2023年第9期96-110,共15页Law Science

基　　金：中国政法大学青年教师科研创新项目“《民法典》视野下妇女婚姻家庭权益保障研究”(项目编号:1000-10822513)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》对原《婚姻法》婚姻无效制度的修改使无结婚行为能力的精神障碍者缔结的婚姻效力成为法律难题。结婚行为能力区别于民事行为能力,主要通过当事人的法定婚龄和理解判断结婚行为的心智状况予以界定,后者关涉精神障碍者缔结的婚姻效力问题。基于兼顾成本与准确性的考量,精神障碍者的结婚行为能力宜采取以民事行为能力为参照的“直接对标”和“个案审查”相结合的双轨制认定模式,无民事行为能力的精神障碍者无结婚行为能力,无须另行审查;限制民事行为能力的精神障碍者的结婚行为能力由法院在确认婚姻是否无效时进行个案审查。在《民法典》的规范体系下,应当通过目的性扩张的方法将《民法典》第1051条中的“未到法定婚龄”漏洞填补为“无结婚行为能力”,故此认定无结婚行为能力的精神障碍者缔结的婚姻无效。无结婚行为能力的精神障碍者一般不可能成为《民法典》第1054条中的过错一方。当事人的家庭暴力、虐待、遗弃等行为可以诉诸一般侵权责任条款解决。在婚姻被认定无效后可类推适用《民法典》第1088条,精神障碍者可主张同居期间的家务劳动补偿。The amendment of the Civil Code to the Marriage Law on the void marriage has made the validity of marriage concluded by mentally disabled persons a legal conundrum.The capacity to marry,different from the civil capacity,is defined by the legal age of marriage and the mental status to understand marriage,and the latter is related to the validity of the marriage concluded by mentally disabled persons.Based on the consideration of cost and accuracy,it is appropriate to adopt a dual-track model determining the capacity of the mentally disabled to marry with reference to the civil capacity of direct alignment and case-by-case review:the mentally disabled person without civil capacity does not have the capacity to marry;the capacity to marry of the mentally disabled person with limited civil capacity is examined by the court on a case-by-case review.In the Civil Code,the provision of“not having reached the legal age of marriage”in Article 1051 shall be filled in as“not having the capacity to marry”through a purposeful expansion method,so that the marriage concluded by a mentally disabled person without the capacity to marry shall be deemed void.A mentally disabled person who is incapable of marriage cannot be a party at fault under Article 1054.Domestic violence,abuse and abandonment can be resolved by resorting to the tort liability provision.Article 1088 can be applied by analogy after the marriage is deemed void,and the mentally disabled person can claim compensation for housework during cohabitation.

关 键 词：精神障碍者 结婚行为能力 民事行为能力 双轨制认定模式 

分 类 号：D923.9[政治法律—民商法学]