鉴定意见审查认证规则及配套机制的优化  

Optimization of Review and Certification Rule and the Supporting Mechanism for Expert Opinion

作　　者：陈邦达[1] Chen Bangda

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学刑事法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第9期142-155,共14页Law Science

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目专向任务项目“司法鉴定立法的理念与路径研究”(22SFB5033);上海人才发展资助项目(2020133)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我国立法确立的鉴定意见审查认证规则存在一定的疏漏,具体表现为鉴定管理权割据造成审查认证标准不统一、鉴定启动权垄断造成鉴定审查认证缺乏平衡性、“四类外”鉴定管理缺位加剧审查认证难度、鉴定意见可采性规则薄弱造成认证流于形式。专家咨询制度、鉴定人与有专门知识的人出庭制度、司法鉴定标准化建设等改革成效不彰,加剧了审查认证的难度。完善鉴定意见审查认证规则,应转变盲目崇信司法鉴定的理念,树立法官是鉴定意见看门人的理念,破除专门性证据限于鉴定意见的认知局限。要从关联性、可靠性、合法性的角度优化审查认证规则,确立鉴定意见关联性规则,鉴定原理和方法的可靠性规则,检材的真实性、准确性和可靠性规则,鉴定主体资质适格性规则和鉴定意见排除规则。完善专家咨询制度,适度改变公权力垄断鉴定局面,加强司法鉴定标准化建设。There are some omissions in the examination and certification rules established in China,which are manifested as inconsistencies resulting from the separation of forensic management,imbalances in forensic examination due to the monopoly of authority to initiate forensic tests,difficulties in examination caused by the lack of management beyond the four main types of forensic science,and inadequate rules of admissibility that hinder effective cross-examination of forensic testimony.The limited effectiveness of the expert advisory system,the testimony system for forensic experts and expert assistants,as well as the standardization of forensic science,have further exacerbated the difficulties in examining forensic evidence.To strengthen the evaluating of forensic evidence,it is important to change blind belief in forensic science and emphasize gatekeeper duties of judges to distinguish forensic evidence.This means removing the cognitive limitation that specialized evidence solely represents forensic opinion.Improvements should be made to the rules of admissibility from the dimensions of relevance,reliability and validity.The rules of admissibility should encompass regulations on relevancy,the reliability of forensic principle and methods,authentication of samples,the qualification of experts,as well as exclusion.Additionally,it is necessary to improve the expert advisory system,moderately address the monopoly of authority situation,and enhance the standardization of forensic science.

关 键 词：鉴定意见 审查认证规则 可采性规则 司法鉴定标准化 

分 类 号：D918.9[政治法律—法学]