从被动援助到促进就业:美国临时救助的政策转向及其启示  

From passive assistance to employment promotion:the U.S.temporary assistance for needy families and its implications

作　　者：董雯雯 张奎力[1] DONG Wenwen;ZHANG Kuili

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学政治学部公共管理学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《社会保障研究》2023年第4期93-99,共7页Social Security Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“积极社会政策视域下健康扶贫的治理逻辑与机制构建研究”(基金号:19BSH162)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在政府福利支出过高、受助者福利依赖程度严重、“积极的”社会政策思潮兴起的背景下,美国临时救助制度改变被动援助模式,由“抚养儿童贫困家庭援助计划”转变为“贫困家庭临时救助计划”。基于Howlett政策过程五阶段理论,从议程设定、政策制定、决策、政策执行、政策评估五个方面解析美国贫困家庭临时救助计划(TANF),结果发现:TANF中减少“福利依赖”的政策目标、“工作性福利”的项目设置、受助者及各州的工作参与要求、直接与间接相结合的就业促进救助方式、就业促进专项救助金的划拨以及联邦和州的政策实践均体现了美国临时救助的“就业促进”导向,不仅有利于缓解贫困问题,而且对减少福利依赖有积极的作用。美国临时救助的政策转向为我国在完善临时救助制度过程中科学设计临时救助理念、救助机制及具体救助方式,以及处理好临时救助与就业救助的制度衔接提供借鉴。Against the background of high government welfare spending,serious welfare dependency of recipients,and the rise of"positive"social policy thinking,the U.S.temporary assistance system has changed its mode of passive assistance from the Aid to the Family with Dependent Children(AFDC)to the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families(TANF).Based on Howlett's five-stage theory of policy process,we analyze the TANF program in the United States from the five aspects of agenda setting,policy making,decision making,policy implementation,and policy evaluation,and we find that:the"employment-orientation"of TANF is reflected in multiple aspects:the objective to reduce"welfare dependency",the program setting of"welfare-to-work",the work participation requirements for recipients and individual states,the combined approach of direct and indirect employment incentives,the"block grant"for employment promotion,and the implementation practices at both the federal and state levels,which is not only conducive to alleviating the poverty problem,but also has a positive effect on reducing welfare dependency.The policy shift of temporary assistance in the U.S.provides lessons for China in the process of improving the temporary assistance system,scientifically designing the concept of temporary assistance,the assistance mechanism and the specific assistance methods,as well as dealing with the interface between temporary assistance and employment assistance.

关 键 词：临时救助制度 就业促进 福利依赖 社会政策 

分 类 号：F249.712[经济管理—劳动经济] D771.2[经济管理—国民经济] F249.2[政治法律—政治学]