松嫩平原水稻高产高效氮肥运筹模式研究  

Nitrogen fertilizer management for high yield and high efficiency of rice in the Songnen Plain

作　　者：孔丽丽[1] 尹彩侠[1] 侯云鹏[1] 张磊[1] 赵胤凯 刘志全[1] 徐新朋[2] KONG Li-li;YIN Cai-xia;HOU Yun-peng*;ZHANG Lei;ZHAO Yin-kai;LIU Zhi-quan;XU Xin-peng(Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun,Jilin 130033,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室/吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,吉林长春130033 [2]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第8期1435-1448,共14页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：吉林省科技发展计划项目(20210404008NC,20210202013NC)。

摘　　要：【目的】明确控释尿素运筹对松嫩平原水稻产量、氮素利用效率及土壤氮素供应的影响,旨在为该区域水稻制定科学合理的控释尿素高效运筹模式提供依据。【方法】于2021—2022年在吉林省松原市,以水稻品种东稻3为试验材料,在总氮量200 kg/hm2条件下,设置不施氮肥对照(N0)、普通尿素农户施用(FP)和优化施用(OPT),以及4个控释尿素基施与普通尿素分蘖肥配施比例处理(CRU40%、CRU60%、CRU80%和CRU100%)。于水稻主要生育时期调查植株生物量、氮含量和土壤无机氮含量,并于成熟期测定产量及其构成因素,计算作物氮积累量、氮素利用率和土壤−作物系统氮素平衡状况。【结果】与FP处理相比,4个控释尿素处理均显著提高了水稻齐穗期至成熟期植株氮积累量、齐穗后植株氮素积累分配比例和齐穗后氮素积累对籽粒贡献率,以CRU80%处理提升幅度最高;控释尿素各处理在稳定结实率和千粒重的同时,显著提高了水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数,提高了水稻产量和净收益(P<0.05)。4个控释肥处理中,以CRU80%处理产量和净收入最高,2年平均产量比CRU40%、CRU60%和CRU100%处理分别提高8.0%、2.9%、4.8%,净收益分别提高13.7%、4.8%和7.9%。CRU80%处理与OPT处理产量和净收益水平相当,而其他3个控释肥处理产量和净收益显著低于OPT处理。与FP处理相比,其他施肥处理氮素回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均显著提高,以CRU80%和OPT处理最高。土壤−作物系统氮素平衡状况表明,氮素表观损失量以CRU80%处理最低,较CRU40%、CRU60%和CRU100%处理分别降低了16.6%、8.8%和8.0%,并与OPT处理相近。路径分析结果表明,齐穗前后水稻植株氮积累量均对水稻产量影响显著,主要是通过影响水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率而影响产量。而齐穗后氮素积累对水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率的影响均高于齐穗前氮素积累。【结论】�【Objectives】The effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer(CRU)management on rice yield,nitrogen(N)use efficiency and soil N supply in the Songnen Plain were investigated,in order to provide a basis for scientific and efficient CRU management of rice in this region.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 in Songyuan City of Jilin Province,using rice cultivar Dongdao 3 as the test materials.Under the total N rate of 200 kg/hm2,no N application(N0),multiple urea topdressing(OPT),and conventional urea fertilization(FP)were taken as controls,CRU basal application plus common urea(CU)topdressing in N ratio of 4:6,6:4,8:2 and 10:0 were setup(denoted as CRU40%,CRU60%,CRU80%and CRU100%,in turn).Plant biomass,N content and soil inorganic N content were analyzed during the main growth period of rice.The yield and yield components were investigated at harvest.And N uptake,N use efficiency and N balance in soil-crop system were calculated.【Results】Compared with FP treatment,all the fertilizer treatments increased plant N accumulation from full heading to mature stage,plant N accumulation and allocation ratio after full heading stage,and the contribution rate of N accumulation to grain after full heading stage of rice(P<0.05),and CRU80%and OPT were recorded similar but higher values than the other treatments.All the CRU and OPT treatments stabilized seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight,and increased effective panicle number,grain number per panicle than FP,thereby significantly increased rice yields and net incomes(P<0.05),and CRU80%and OPT increased significantly yield and net incomes than the other treatments as well.The two year average yield of CRU80%was 8.0%,2.9%,and 4.8%higher than CRU40%,CRU60%and CRU100%,and the average net income was 13.7%,4.8%,and 7.9%higher,respectively.CRU80%and OPT were also recorded the highest N recovery efficiency,agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity.N balance in soil-crop system showed that the apparent N loss in CRU80%was similar to th

关 键 词：松嫩平原 水稻 控释尿素 产量 净收入 氮素利用率 氮素平衡 施肥成本 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]