深入研究简牍法律文献传承中华优秀传统法律文化  

In-depth Research on Legal Documents Recorded in Bamboo Slips and Inheritance of Excellent Traditional Chinese Legal Culture

作　　者：刘海年[1] LIU Hainian(Institute of Law,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100720,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所,北京100720

出　　处：《南都学坛（南阳师范学院人文社会科学学报）》2023年第5期54-69,共16页Academic Forum of Nandu:Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Nanyang Normal University

摘　　要：这是一篇研究简牍中记载的我国古代法律文献的文章。简牍是指我国古代纸张发明与普及之前,以竹木材质书写典籍、法律和其他文书的载体,窄则称简,宽则称牍。本文首先简要介绍我国古代简牍发现、发掘的概况,然后论述20世纪70年代文物考古学界发掘的云梦睡虎地秦简、青川郝家坪木牍,以及20世纪30年代和70年代后发掘的居延汉简、银雀山汉简、张家山汉简等记载的法律文献。所依据的虽只是目前已发掘的部分简牍法律文献之部分内容,但这些内容却弥足珍贵。它不仅为现存传世史籍所不载,填补了其中关于法律记述笼统的缺憾,而且每字每句均未经后人传抄,为当时之真迹。其中有维护土地制度,促进农业、畜牧业、手工业、商业发展和市场管理的法律规定,还有建立官僚体制、维护社会安定、必要时宣布实行“备警”,以及严格执法、司法的相关法律制度等。上述法律和制度是我国古代社会大变革的春秋战国时代,人们对如何治理国家的理性思考和实践经验总结。不少法律,如关于生态环境保护、手工业生产标准化、市场商品买卖明码标价、传染病人隔离、外邦人车马入境检疫、对犯罪人审讯不提倡笞打、依法笞打的要在审讯记录中加以说明、属刑事案件应进行现场勘验并注意相关痕迹记录,以及官吏不依法判案量刑不公依故意和过失追究责任等,超出了人们以往的认知,在我国乃至世界法律发展史上都是最早的。研究简牍中法律文献,对于弘扬中华优秀传统法律文化、建设中国特色社会主义法治体系,对于增进各国人民间文化交流、促进人类文明发展都有重要意义。This is an article studying ancient legal documents recorded in bamboo slips in China.Jian Du(bamboo slips)refers to the carrier for writing ancient books,laws,and other documents using bamboo and wood materials before the invention and popularization of paper in ancient China.Narrow ones are referred to as Jian(简)and wide ones are referred to as Du(牍).This article first briefly presents an overview of the discovery and excavation of ancient bamboo slips in China.Then it discusses the legal documents recorded in Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts and Qingchuan Haojiaping wooden slips excavated by archaeologists in the 1970s,as well as Juyan Han bamboo slips,Yinque Mountain Han bamboo slips,Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts excavated in the 1930s and 1970s.The present study is based on only part of the excavated legal documents,which are nevertheless all the more valuable.The legal documents recorded in these bamboo slips are both original and authentic,enriching the existing body of literature on legal affairs.These documents cover provisions on land maintenance,development of agriculture,animal husbandry,handicrafts,and commerce,and market management,as well as relevant legal arrangements such as establishing a bureaucratic system,maintaining social stability,declaring the implementation of“police readiness”when necessary,and strictly enforcing the law and judiciary.The above laws and systems are a summary of rational thinking and practical experience on how to govern the country during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,a time of great social transformation in ancient China.Many laws,such as those on ecological environment protection,standardization of handicraft production,clear pricing of market goods,isolation of infectious patients,entry quarantine of foreign people’s carriages and horses,non-promotion of whipping for criminal interrogation,explanation of legal whipping in interrogation records,on-site inspection and attention to relevant trace records for criminal cases,as well as intent

关 键 词：简牍法律文献 中华优秀传统法律文化 社会主义法治体系 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]