论刑法中的减轻处罚与司法适用限度  

On the Mitigation of Punishment and Judicial Application in Criminal Law

作　　者：蔡道通[1,2,3] Cai Daotong(School of Law,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学法学院 [2]南京师范大学中国法治现代化研究院 [3]南京师范大学司法案例研究中心,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《湖北社会科学》2023年第9期117-128,共12页Hubei Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“经济犯罪类型化与刑事违法判断相对性研究”(21BFX175)。

摘　　要：刑法中的减轻处罚,既包括“可以型”,也包含“应当型”。然而,如何解释与适用减轻处罚的幅度,尽管刑法有明文规定,但在理论与实践两个层面,存在极大分歧与争议,带来司法适用中的个案不公平。对于刑法作出的只能在法定刑幅度的下一个量刑幅度内(即只降低一格)判处刑罚的规定,不能机械地、形式化地理解与适用。刑法规范的解释必须作类型化分析,并受体系解释与当然解释的逻辑制约。当刑法规定“从轻或者减轻处罚”时,减轻处罚原则上只降低一格;当刑法规定“从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚”“减轻处罚或者免除处罚”或者“免除或者减轻处罚”“免予刑事处罚”“免除处罚”时,对于减轻处罚的司法适用,就不应当受“只降低一格”的限制;刑法有关酌定减轻处罚的规定,也不应当受“只降低一格”的约束,最低减轻处罚的幅度完全可以降至罚金刑的适用,即使刑法分则中并没有此刑种的规定。刑法分则的罪刑配置,原则上是针对单个人单独实施某一行为且达至既遂状态而设置的。因此,降低一格判处刑罚的减轻处罚,只针对作为实行犯、实行犯的主犯或者教唆犯的主犯而言,且原则上只具有一个减轻处罚情节时适用。对于从犯、胁从犯,根据案件的具体情况,不应当适用、也不需要适用“只降低一格”的规定。The mitigated punishment in criminal law includes both“possible”and“should”types.However,although there are explicit provisions in the Criminal Law on how to interpret and apply the scope of reduced pun⁃ishment,there are significant differences and controversies at both the theoretical and practical levels,resulting in unfair individual cases in judicial application.The provision made in the criminal law that a penalty can only be imposed within the next sentencing range of the statutory penalty range(i.e.only one sentence reduced)cannot be mechanically or formally understood and applied.The interpretation of criminal law norms must undergo a typological analysis and be constrained by the logic of systematic and natural interpretations.When the criminal law stipulates"lighter or mitigated punishment",the principle of mitigated punishment is only reduced by one grid;When the criminal law stipulates“lighter,mitigated or exempted punishment”,“mitigated or exempted punishment”,“exempted or mitigated punishment”,“exempted from criminal punishment”,and“exempted from punishment”,the judicial ap⁃plication of mitigated punishment should not be limited by“only reducing one level”;The provisions of the Criminal Law on discretionary reduction of punishment should not be constrained by the principle of“only reducing one level”.The minimum reduction of punishment can be reduced to the application of fine punishment,even if there are no provisions for this type of punishment in the specific provisions of the Criminal Law.In principle,the allocation of crimes and punishments in the Criminal Law is set up for a single person to individually commit a certain act and achieve a state of accomplishment.Therefore,the reduced penalty of one sentence is only applicable to the principal offender who is the perpetrator,the principal offender of the perpetrator,or the instigator,and in principle,only applies when there is one mitigating circumstance.For accomplices and coerced accomplices,according t

关 键 词：减轻处罚 免除处罚 当然解释 体系解释 法定刑幅度 

分 类 号：D924[政治法律—刑法学]