环境侵权领域惩罚性赔偿制度适用规则的明确与完善——从比较法视角考察《民法典》第一千二百三十二条解释论  

Study on the Clarification and Perfection of the Applicable Rules of the System of Punitive Damages in the Field of Environmental Torts—The Theory of the Interpretation of Article 1232 of the Civil Code from a Comparative Law Perspective

作　　者：王玉浩 朱彦玫 WANG Yu-hao;ZHU Yan-mei(Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200233,China;Shanghai University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201701,China)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院,上海200233 [2]上海政法学院经济法学院,上海201701

出　　处：《黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报》2023年第5期87-94,共8页Journal of Heilongjiang Vocational Institute of Ecological Engineering

摘　　要：《民法典》在环境侵权领域引入了惩罚性赔偿制度。运用文献研究法、比较研究法、功能分析法等对《民法典》第一千二百三十二条确定的适用规则进行阐释,分析该制度在适用方面有待完善的问题,主要包括两大类:一类是法条的理解适用问题,包括适用的条件不清晰、适用的情形不具体、适用后获得赔偿的归属不明确;另一类是该制度缺乏具体的适用规则。通过研究国外相关制度,比较借鉴后结合对《民法典》第一千二百三十二条进行文义解释、体系解释,得出惩罚性赔偿适用情形不应包括环境民事公益诉讼、惩罚性赔偿应当归属被侵权人且范围还应当扩大的结论;对该制度的具体适用规则提出相应完善建议,包括以倍率式方法构建惩罚性赔偿金适用标准、与公法责任并行以及提高证明标准等,以提高该制度在环境侵权领域的可操作性。The Civil Code introduces a system of punitive damages in the field of environmental torts.Clarify the applicable rules defined in Article 1232 of the Civil Code through literature research,comparative research,and functional analysis methods.Analyze the issues that need to be improved in the application of this system:first,the basic concept of punitive damages is outlined;second,the problems that need to be improved in the application of this system mainly include two categories:one is the understanding and application of legal provisions,including unclear application conditions,unspecified application situations,unclear attribution of compensation after application,and the other is the lack of specific application rules for this system.Through the study and comparison of foreign systems combining the textual interpretation and systematic interpretation of Article 1232 of the Civil Code,it is concluded that the application of punitive damages should not include environmental civil public interest litigation,the compensation obtained through the punitive damages system should be attributed to the infringed and also the scope should be expanded,and put forward some suggestions on the specific applicable rules of the system to improve the operability of the system in the field of environmental infringement,including the adoption of the multiplier method to construct the applicable standard of punitive damages,the parallelism with public law liability,and the improvement of the standard of proof,etc.

关 键 词：环境侵权 惩罚性赔偿 《民法典》一千二百三十二条 适用规则 

分 类 号：D922.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]