再论八二宪法通信权条款:原旨与变迁  

Constitutional Right to Communication in China:Original Meaning and Constitutional Change

作　　者：彭錞 PENG Chun

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学评论》2023年第5期55-69,共15页Law Review

摘　　要：通过分析近现代中国立宪史、1982年修宪材料以及四十年来的立法沿革,可得八二宪法通信权条款的恰切解释是:“通信”曾限于书信,但经宪法变迁已拓展为非面对面的信息交流;“通信自由”指通信活动的完整性,“通信秘密”指通信活动相关信息的秘密性;“检查”指意在发现违法通信的秘密查验;通信权保护的“双层构造”指对通信的非检查干预实行法律保留,对检查适用加重法律保留。据此,法院调取通话记录并不违宪,因为不具有“检查”的秘密性;寄递邮包、商业或职务通信、手机存储信息、网络交流等是否落入通信权保护范围,通信实名制、城管“呼死你”、邮政收寄验视、监狱检查信件、网络服务商监控筛查违法信息等是否违宪,亦可获得妥善解答。By examining the constitution-making process of modern China and the historical materials related to the 1982 PRC Constitution,it can be found that the original meaning of China's constitutional right to communications is the following:"Communication"was once limited to correspondence,but after constitutional changes,it has been expanded to include all non-face-to-face information exchange activities."Freedom of communication"refers to the integrity of communication activities and"secrecy of communication"refers to the secrecy of information related to communication activities that citizens do not want to be known."Censorship"refers to secret censorship intended to discover illegal communications.And the"two-layer structure"embedded in Article 40 of the 1982 Constitution refers to legal reservations for non-censorship interventions in communications and aggravated legal reservations for communications censorship.Based on this interpretation,it is not unconstitutional for the court to retrieve call records because it does not have the required secrecy of censorship.Such an interpretation can also resolve debates about whether Internet communications,express delivery,commercial or professional communications,information stored in mobile phones and so on fall within the protection scope of the constitutional right to communication,as well as whether postal inspections,inspection of prisoners'letters,communication service providers'filtering unlawful information and so on are unconstitutional or not.

关 键 词：宪法 基本权利 通信自由 通信秘密 检查 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]