“都”:基于量级隐涵和焦点结构的统一解释  

Dou as a Pragmatic Marker:A Unified Account Based on Scalar Implicature and Focus Structure

作　　者：李可胜 LI Kesheng

机构地区：[1]合肥师范学院外国语学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第4期475-499,共25页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“‘话语表现理论+组合范畴语法’模式的等级隐涵之形式化研究”(21BZX100)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：现有文献对“都”的研究存在量化说和隐涵说两种理论流派,前者将“都”视为量化-分配算子,后者将“都”视为隐涵标记。前者总体上更占优势,但面临“双重约束”这一无法规避的根本性问题。一些学者从量级隐涵的视角试图给出“都”的统一解释,但并没有撼动量化说。主要原因是隐涵说自身还存在问题,“都”的很多特性还无法被隐涵说解释。基于选项语义学,本文提出“都”只是表示最大预期义和超预期义的语用隐涵标记,并无量化-分配作用。但因“都”字句中存在三种基本焦点结构以及一种拓展的焦点结构,因而造成了多种不同的语义表现,如“都”的不同语义指向,聚合-分配解的转换以及允准疑问词成为任选项等。In this paper,it is argued that dou is a pragmatic marker of scalar implicature(SI)which makes no contribution to the truth conditions of any dou⁃sentence,which means that dou is not the determinant accounting for the so⁃called distributivity and exclusiveness of dou⁃sentences as well as the free choice item(FCI)reading of wh⁃phrase in dou⁃sentences.The only function of dou is to trigger off an SI via the alternative set of the focused constituent associated with dou.Generally,there are two different approaches to the formal semantics of dou:the quantification⁃distributivity(QD)approach in which dou is treated either as a universal quantifier or as a kind of distributor,and the SI approach in which dou is viewed as an SI marker.In this paper,the SI approach is advocated by proposing a uniform account of dou based on focus structure.Firstly,following Xu(2014),this paper distinguishes two kinds of SIs expressed by dou:maximal⁃expectation implicature(MI)and higher⁃than⁃expectation implicature(HI),both of which are defined within the framework of alternative semantics developed by Rooth(1985,1992),Chierchia(1993,2013)and Fox(2007).Accordingly,there are two types of dou:strong dou which expresses HI and weak dou which expresses MI.Let dou(Sα)be any dou⁃sentence and altC(α)be the set of alternatives to the focus a,the felicitous conditions of dou(Sα)is that,if there is at least oneα′∈altC(α)such that among all alternatives in altC(α),it isα′that represents theμ⁃value(representing a value of certain pragmatic scale)which enables the sentence Sα′to be true in a specific context C,then it is not thatα′>μα.Otherwise,dou(Sα)must satisfy the half⁃quantity conditions,i.e.,if X is the domain of|Sα|0,then in C,there are at least half of the entities which enable|Sα|0 to be true in C.Secondly,it is argued that the same dou(Sα)with different focused constituent will trigger different types of alternative set,and thus different HIs or MIs can be inferred.The constituents which may

关 键 词：量级隐涵(SI) 量化-分配 “都”字句 焦点结构 选项语义学 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]