明代山西地区巡抚与诸道文臣的军事职掌研究  

A Study on the Military Positions of the Governor and Various Literary Officials in Shanxi Province during the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：王耀科 Wang Yaoke

机构地区：[1]《青海师范大学学报》编辑部,青海西宁810008

出　　处：《高原文化研究》2023年第2期86-96,共11页Plateau Culture Research

摘　　要：巡抚是明朝为弥补地方三司权力分散而设立的官职。山西地区因独特的地缘战略空间,境内分设大同、山西巡抚各一员,大同巡抚以军务为主,山西巡抚具有边地与腹里并存的特点,两者的设立是明朝为处理复杂地域环境下的军政事务而增置的地方行政机构。随着巡抚制度的逐渐地方化、制度化,在管理钱粮事宜的同时,也拥有参赞军事、提督军务之权,对镇守总兵形成制约。其权力亦是从地方行政逐渐转变为参与军事职能,起到以中央差遣官的身份来制衡地方武将的重要作用,是明代文官系统对地方武将权力制约的具体展现。巡抚负责协调地方省级三司与总兵之间的联系,督理军民政务,而处理辖区较小的府州县与卫所之间军政事务,则由各地守、巡、兵备道负责。山西各分巡、分守、兵备道员都有一定的分揽辖区和治所,诸道员主要对大同、山西二巡抚负责。随着守、巡、兵备道的发展,其职掌渐有趋同之势,相对巡抚而言,其统辖区域较小,主要负责协调府卫之间关系,带有浓厚的地方行政色彩。明代山西巡抚诸道文臣的军事职掌,是明朝廷基于山西地缘战略,既以军事手段维护国家边防安全与稳定,亦能防止地方官员专权坐大,维持中央统治形成的职官制度。The governor system was an official position established by the Ming Dynasty to compensate for the dispersion of power in the local three departments.Due to its unique geostrategic space,the Shanxi region has established Datong and Shanxi governors,each with one member.Datong governors mainly focus on military affairs,while Shanxi governors have the characteristics of coexisting in the border and abdomen.The establishment of the two was added by the Ming Dynasty to handle military and political affairs in complex regional environments.With the gradual localization and institutionalization of the governor system,while managing money and grain matters,it also had the power to consult military affairs and supervise military affairs,forming constraints on the garrison general.Its power gradually shifted from local administration to participating in military functions,playing an important function of restraining and balancing local military generals with the status of central dispatched officials.It was a concrete manifestation of the Ming Dynasty civil service system's power constraints on local military generals.The governor is responsible for coordinating the communication between the local provincial three departments and the general army,overseeing military and civilian affairs,while handling military and political affairs between smaller prefectures,counties,and defense stations is the responsibility of local guards,patrols,and military readiness roads.Shanxi's various sub patrols,sub guards,and military reserve officers all have a certain degree of jurisdiction and governance,and the various officers are mainly responsible for the two governors of Datong and Shanxi.With the development of defense,patrol,and military preparation,their positions have gradually tended to converge.Compared to the governor,their jurisdiction is relatively small,mainly responsible for coordinating the relationship between the government and the guard,with a strong local administrative color.The evolution of the military positions of

关 键 词：山西巡抚 分巡道 分守道 兵备道 军事职权 

分 类 号：K23[历史地理—历史学]