在全面发展和多样成长之间(1988—2019)——以清华大学本科生特等奖学金为中心的考察  

Between Comprehensive Development and Diverse Growth:A Discussion Focused on the Te Jiang Scholarship for Undergraduate Students at Tsinghua University(1988-2019)

作　　者：孔祥瑞 KONG Xiangrui

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系,北京100871

出　　处：《北京大学教育评论》2023年第2期64-100,190,共38页Peking University Education Review

摘　　要：本文基于史料、访谈和参与观察,聚焦清华大学本科生特等奖学金制度,探讨1988年以来清华本科人才培养目标的演变及在“特奖”影响下的学生成长。本文发现,在“特奖”三十余年的历程中有两条线索:一方面,作为传达教育导向的指挥棒,“特奖”的评选标准在全面发展和多样成长间摆动变化,并不断向又红又专基础上的以全面发展为主、多样成长为辅的基准线回归;另一方面,作为覆盖本科生活方方面面的考评体系之拱心石,“特奖”的影响力和竞争程度在三十余年间逐渐提高,并克服其在考评标准方面与校级综合奖学金一般规律的矛盾,在本科生培养中具有超出一般奖学金的特殊意义。在这两条线索背后,是清华从多科性工业大学到综合性、研究型、开放式大学以及从“红色工程师”到“高素质、高层次、多样化、创造性人才”培养目标的转型历程,也是大学坚守立德树人根本目标、对抗市场化以及大众高等教育阶段工具理性侵蚀的持续努力,并凸显了竞争逻辑与教育逻辑的相互交叠。This paper,based on historical sources,interviews,and personal observations,focuses on the Te Jiang scholarship system for undergraduate students at Tsinghua University.It explores the evolution of educational goals of Tsinghua s undergraduates since 1988 and the growth of students under the influence of the scholarship.The study reveals two threads in the three decades of Te Jiang s history.On one hand,as a baton conveying the major educational orientation of the university,the selection criteria for Te Jiang have oscillated between a student s comprehensive development and diverse growth,consistently returning to the benchmark of comprehensive development as the primary focus with diverse growth as secondary.On the other hand,as the keystone in the evaluation system covering all aspects of undergraduate life,the influence and competitiveness of Te Jiang have gradually increased,overcoming contradictions in the evaluation criteria compared to the general pattern of school-level comprehensive scholarships.It has acquired a significance beyond ordinary scholarships in undergraduate education.Behind these two threads lies Tsinghua s transformative journey from a multidisciplinary industrial university to a comprehensive,research-oriented,open university,and from cultivating“Red Engineers”to nurturing high-quality,high-level,diversified,and creative talents.This transformation reflects the university s unwavering commitment to the fundamental goal of cultivating morality and nurturing people,its resistance against marketization,and its sustained efforts to counter the instrumental rationality erosion in the mass higher education stage.Amidst the interplay of evaluation and educational logics,there exist not only the significance structure of accolades and the phenomenon of intense competition,but also education beyond the evaluation system s perspective,encompassing self-reflection,personal growth,and the commitment to friendly relationships,reflecting the fundamental educational values.

关 键 词：人才培养目标 奖学金制度 清华大学 “特奖” “志趣” “小红花” “内卷” 

分 类 号：G645.5[文化科学—高等教育学]