论作为独立违约责任形式的减价规则——内在逻辑与制度构造  

On Price Reduction Rule as Independent Liability Form for Breach of Contract—Internal Logic and Institutional Framework

作　　者：张金海[1] Zhang Jinhai

机构地区：[1]四川大学法学院,成都610207

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期94-105,195,共13页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“民法典背景下违约损害赔偿制度的发展与完善研究”(16BFX154)。

摘　　要：减价规则是指,在债务人的给付不符合要求的情况下,债权人可以根据缔约时有瑕疵与无瑕疵给付的价值比例减少对待给付。该规则的正当性在于使对待给付与给付相适应,保持原合同的交换比例,体现给付与对待给付义务的牵连性以及公平原则的要求。减价规则的适用条件是:债务人瑕疵履行、债权人的对待给付可分、债权人就瑕疵作了通知以及减价具备适用资格。适用时,关键是确定有瑕疵及无瑕疵给付的价值———通常以市场价格为准,必要时可进行估价。市场价格的标准时应为缔约时,如此才能反映交易是否合算。同理,标准地原则上应为缔约地。为更好地保护债权人,便于清理债务关系,应将减价权确认为形成权,债权人在主张减价时应说明计算根据。Chinese law has simple stipulations about price reduction rule.There is misunderstanding about the meaning of that rule,i.e.,treating the value difference between nonconforming performance the obligor provided and conforming performance as the amount that should be reduced from the price.Substance of this kind of price reduction is damages for loss in value as one form of damages for breach of contract.On the other hand,price reduction as independent liability form for breach of contract means that reduced price equals contract price multiplies value ratio of nonconforming and conforming performance.The justification of price reduction rule is:in case that the obligor s performance is nonconforming,based on consideration of fairness principle and synallagma between performance and reciprocal performance,the obligee need not provide his reciprocal performance as promised,but rather can diminish his performance.While reducing price,value ratio of nonconforming and conforming performance should be taken into account,and original contract exchange relationship should be maintained.Situations in which price reduction rule applies mainly are:liability of price reduction exists while liability of damages for breach of contract does not exist;both these liability forms exist but the amount of price reduction is higher than the amount of damages.The premises for application of price reduction rule are,the object is nonconforming(e.g.,the object provided by the obligor has defect of thing or defect of right,the obligor does not deliver accessory thing or fruits),the obligee s reciprocal performance is divisible,and the obligee has informed the obligor of defect.It should be emphasized that,for the sake of protecting the obligor s interest in the counter-party s performance sufficiently and maintaining the transaction,price reduction rule should be put in an intermediate position in the remedies system.In terms of application,it is inferior to supplementary performance,but superior to termination,and the obligee can choose

关 键 词：减价规则 正当性 适用条件 权利的行使 

分 类 号：D913.6[政治法律—民商法学]