榆林石圪台矿山典型采煤活动对土壤和植被的影响  

Impact of Typical Coal Mining on Soil and Vegetation in Shigetai Mine of Yulin

作　　者：郝新忠 石长春 高振梁 高荣 张瑞丽 张继平 马雅莉 乔一娜 HAO Xinzhong;SHI Changchun;GAO Zhenliang;GAO Rong;ZHANG Ruili;ZHANG Jiping;MA Yali;QIAO Yina(Shaanxi Academy of Forestry Sciences,Xi'an 710000,China;National Positioning Observation and Research Station of Maowusu Sandy Land Ecosystem of Shaanxi,Yulin 719000,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西省林业科学院,陕西西安710000 [2]陕西榆林毛乌素沙地生态系统国家定位观测研究站,陕西榆林719000

出　　处：《浙江林业科技》2023年第5期27-33,共7页Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology

基　　金：陕西省林业科学院科技创新项目“陕北采煤沉陷区地表受损规律与植被恢复调控”(SXLK2020-0205)。

摘　　要：为探究陕北典型采煤扰动生境(矸石场、裂缝区、塌陷区)土壤-植被系统的受损特征,以神木市石圪台矿山为研究对象,系统分析了典型采煤扰动生境土壤理化性质及植被生物学指标的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照(未采煤区)相比,矸石场、裂缝区和塌陷区土壤物理性质表现出退化趋势,土壤含水率、硬度均有所下降,电导率和容重上升,其中矸石场、裂缝区的土壤含水率与对照达到显著性差异水平(P<0.05);(2)与对照相比,采煤扰动生境土壤养分含量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),与对照相比,矸石场、裂缝区及塌陷区的土壤有机质含量分别降低了30.36%、27.38%、37.5%,速效氮含量分别降低了34.92%、37.77%、26.13%;(3)与对照相比,在矸石场、裂缝区以及塌陷区过氧化氢酶分别降低了59.77%、43.68%及51.72%,碱性磷酸酶分别降低3.77%、32.83%、28.78%;(4)与对照相比,矸石场、裂缝区以及塌陷区的植被物种数、密度(乔木)、盖度(草本和灌木)及生物量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中塌陷区的物种数、密度(乔木)、盖度(草本和灌木)及生物量降幅最大,分别为45.59%、25.69%、35.66%和55.79%。主成分分析结果表明,塌陷区的综合得分最低,为1.639,受损最为严重。本研究结果可为北方采煤区土壤植被系统有效恢复提供一定的科学依据。During July and August 2022,soil samples were collected in coal mining habitats including barrow,crack zone and subsidence trought in Shigetai Mine of Shenmu,Shaanxi province,and investigations were implemented on vegetation in the same sites.The results showed that compared with the control(mining area),the soil physical properties of barrow,crack zone and subsidence trought showed degradation trend,with a decrease in soil moisture content and hardness,and an increase in electrical conductivity and bulk density.The soil moisture content in barrow and crack zone had significant difference with that in the control(P<0.05).The content of soil organic matter and nutrient in coal mining habitats was significantly lower than that in the control(P<0.05).Compared with the control,catalase in barrow,crack zone and subsidence trought decreased by 59.77%,43.68% and 51.72%,and alkaline phosphatase by 3.77%,32.83% and 28.78%.Compared with the control,the number of vegetation species,arbor density,herb and shrub coverage and biomass of vegetation in barrow,crack zone and subsidence trought was significantly lower(P<0.05).The number of species,arbor density,herb and shrub coverage and biomass in the subsidence trought decreased by 45.59%,25.69%,35.66% and 55.79%.Principal component analysis indicated that the comprehensive evaluation of subsidence trought was the lowest,only 1.639.

关 键 词：石圪台矿山 采煤活动 土壤 植被 影响 

分 类 号：S731.6[农业科学—林学] TD88[矿业工程—矿山开采]