《联合国海洋法公约》下军事活动认定过程中“相关因素” 标准的考量、修正与中国应用  

Rethink and Revision of the“Relevant Circumstances”Standard in the Identification of Military Activities Under UNCLOS and China’s Application

作　　者：周江[1] ZHOU Jiang(Southwest Institute of Ocean&Natural Resources Law,Southwest University of Political Science&Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学海洋与自然资源法研究所,重庆401120

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2023年第3期13-24,共12页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金重大专项(22VHQ002)。

摘　　要：《联合国海洋法公约》的强制争端解决机制允许缔约国对包括军事活动在内的争端事由作出声明,以排除该公约争端解决机构的强制管辖。但该公约本身并没有为军事活动提供定义,从新近国际海洋法法庭和附件七仲裁庭的司法实践看,二者倾向于综合考虑案件的“相关因素”对军事活动进行认定。然而实践中“相关因素”这一标准为军事活动的认定设置了较高的门槛,导致军事活动例外规则被束之高阁。因此,需结合条约解释规则对军事活动之原有意涵进行探寻,对“相关因素”标准进行修正:重视“争端主体”因素、重拾“争端背景”因素、增加“争端区域”因素,并在此基础上形成相对稳定的军事活动认定模式。中国未来若因军事活动争端涉诉且选择应诉,也应结合“相关因素”标准的特点展开论述,争取适用军事活动例外。The compulsory dispute settlement system of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)allows States parties to make declarations on some disputes,including disputes concerning military activities,to exclude the compulsory jurisdiction of the dispute settlement body provided by UNCLOS,but the Convention itself does not provide an accurate definition of military activities.In recent practice,the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunals inclined to consider all“relevant circumstances”which are associated with the cases in the determination of military activities.However,the“relevant circumstances”standard sets a high threshold for the identification of military activities,resulting in the exception rules of military activities being shelved.Therefore,it is necessary to find the original meaning of military activities stipulated in UNCLOS in accordance with the rules of treaty interpretation and to revise the standard:attach more importance to the factor of“the subject of the dispute”,restore the factor of“the background of the dispute”,increase the factor of“the area of the dispute”,and accordingly form a relatively stable standard for the recognition of military activities.In the future,if China chooses to appear in court due to military activity disputes,it should present its position in combination with the characteristics of the“relevant circumstances”standard,and strive to apply the military activity exceptions.

关 键 词：《联合国海洋法公约》 条约解释 军事活动 相关因素 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]