日本防疫立法中的行政权限问题  

Administrative Authority Issues in Japanese Epidemic Prevention Legislation

作　　者：李文明[1] LI Wenming(Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《日本问题研究》2023年第3期71-80,共10页Japanese Research

基　　金：国家社科基金一般课题“日本应对1918—1920年世界性流感的历史考察”(21BSS041)。

摘　　要：1999年,日本曾作出废除“大行政权”的《传染病法》,实施“小行政权”的《感染症法》的防疫体系转变。这一转变虽避免了《传染病法》及其所确立的防疫行政体系在某些已能有效控制的传染病上“过度防疫”的弊端,但也使日本的防疫行政在应对特殊重大疫情时出现应急权限不足的问题。之后,日本通过制定《新型流感等特别措施法》授予行政机构一定的防疫特别措施权限。但权限的行使范围受到了严格限制。2020年,日本又通过特别立法扩大了《新型流感等特别措施法》的适用范围,这不仅使行政机构在应对新冠肺炎疫情时获得一定的特别措施权,也为今后应对其它重大新发传染病疫情树立了立法先例。In 1999,Japan made a change in the epidemic prevention legislation system by abolishing the Infectious Diseases Law of“great executive power”and implementing the Infectious Diseases Law of“small executive power”.Although this change avoids the malpractice of“excessive epidemic prevention”in some infectious diseases that can be effectively controlled by the Infectious Diseases Law,it also causes the problem of insufficient emergency authority of Japanese epidemic prevention administration in response to special major epidemics.After that,Japan supplemented this deficiency by enacting the New Influenza Special Measures Act.In 2020,Japan passed special legislation to expand the scope of application of the New Influenza Special Measures Act,which not only gives administrative agencies certain special measures in response to the coronavirus pandemic,but also sets a legislative precedent for responding to other major emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the future.

关 键 词：行政权限 传染病立法 紧急事态宣言 

分 类 号：K313[历史地理—历史学] D73[历史地理—世界史] D77[政治法律—政治学]