唐代六品以下县官考课制度探微  

An Exploration of the Examination System for County Officials Below the Sixth Rank in the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：俞钢 YU Gang

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院,上海200234

出　　处：《上海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期131-140,共10页Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：就唐代六品以下县官考课的范围与员数、方式与标准、考满后的守选年限等问题,以及表现出的分层与分等结合、德能与劳绩兼顾、考课等第影响守选年限等特点,进行专题性考论。文章认为,唐代六品以下县官考课的范围,与县等、员数和官品等有关,主要是除京赤(次赤)县令以外的各等县官,估计纳入六品以下县官考课的最大数量在7467员左右,这是一个稳定基层统治秩序的庞大群体;对这个群体进行考课的方式与标准,既符合考课制度的一般规范,又设定了一些特殊要求,如规定各地每年考课校定的时限,实行自下而上的年度考制,注重户口、丰稔、赋役、治安方面的职事行能,确定考满年限等,较好地起到了监管地方官员的作用;唐代六品以下县官考满后的常例守选年限,大致设有十二选,卑官多选时长,高官少选时短,很可能常例守选年限与官品之间存在着对应关系,或在每年吏部公布的选格中有所规定;常例守选年限还经常被皇帝诏敕临时规定、减选或殿选奖罚措施等打破,其中减选或殿选的主要依据是考课等第,而考课等第往往影响减选或殿选后的守选年限,甚至关系到未来仕途的发展。The paper discusses not only the scope and number of personnel,methods and standards of the examination for county officials below the sixth grade in the Tang Dynasty,but also the length of time for selection after completing the examina⁃tion,the characteristics of the combination of stratification and grading,as well as the balance between morality and perfor⁃mance,and the influence of the examination on the length of time for selection.The paper holds that the scope of the examination for county officials below the sixth grade in the Tang Dynasty is related to the county rank,number of officials,and official rank.It is mainly for county officials of all grades except for the Jingchi(Cichi)county magistrate.It is estimated that the maximum number of county officials under the sixth grade included in the examination is about 7467,which is a large group that stabilizes the order of grassroots governance.The methods and standards for taking the exam for this group not only comply with the general norms of the exam system,but also set some special requirements,such as setting a time limit for the annual exam in various re⁃gions,implementing a bottom-up annual exam system,paying attention to professional activities such as household registration,fertility,taxation,and public security,and determining the number of years the exam has been completed,which has effectively played a role in supervising local officials.After the completion of the examination for county officials under the sixth rank in the Tang Dynasty,the regular number of years to hold the election was roughly set at twelve,with lower ranking officials choosing more for a longer period and higher ranking officials choosing fewer for a shorter period.It is likely that there is a corresponding relationship between the regular number of years to hold the election and the official rank,or it is specified in the selection crite⁃ria published by the Ministry of Personnel every year.Standing orders to keep the election period is also often by the emperor

关 键 词：唐代 六品以下县官 考课制度 铨选 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学]